Temperature Field of Artificially Frozen Gravel Formation and Optimization of Freezing Pipe Layout Parameters under Seepage Flow

Figure 1

Temperature field at closure time of frozen wall.

(a) 0.25 m/d (1.25 m/d)

(b) 0.50 m/d (2.50 m/d)

(c) 0.75 m/d (3.75 m/d)