Temperature Field of Artificially Frozen Gravel Formation and Optimization of Freezing Pipe Layout Parameters under Seepage Flow

Table 1

Physical and thermal properties of gravel soils.

Properties	Value	Unit
Dry density	1.883	g/cm^3
Porosity	0.3	−
Specific gravity	2.69	−
Permeability coefficient	60	m/d
Freezing temperature	-0.04	°C
Thermal conductivity coefficient	1.07	J/(kg·°C)
Specific volume heat	1.30	m^2/(s·°C)
Particles larger than 2 mm	80	%
Particles smaller than 0.075 mm	0	%