Temperature Field of Artificially Frozen Gravel Formation and Optimization of Freezing Pipe Layout Parameters under Seepage Flow

Table 2

Merged time and thickness of frozen wall in the physical modeling.

Frozen wall	Seepage flow rate (m/d)
	0	1.25	2.50	3.75	5.00
Merged time (h)	9.17	12.67	16.83	21.17	29.33
Upstream thickness (mm)	52	36	25	13	−
Downstream thickness (mm)	51	57	61	66	72
Total thickness (mm)	103	93	86	79	72