Temperature Field of Artificially Frozen Gravel Formation and Optimization of Freezing Pipe Layout Parameters under Seepage Flow

Table 3

Differences between results from the numerical and physical model.

Frozen wall	Seepage flow rate
	0 m/d	0.25 (1.25) m/d	0.50 (2.50) m/d	0.75 (3.75) m/d	1.00 (5.00) m/d
Merged time (%)	0.81	2.50	3.24	7.84	16.75
Upstream thickness (%)	0.32	9.68	8.96	11.20	15.21
Downstream thickness (%)	0.27	5.76	4.12	23.12	26.58
Total thickness (%)	0.30	7.69	6.62	18.69	21.36