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| The mode | Representative personage | Description |
|
| PAR | Wisner et al. [21] | It emphasizes the influence of human factors on vulnerability and alleviates vulnerability by adjusting system attributes but ignores the interaction between human and earth systems. |
| HOP | Cutter [22] | The combined effect of physical vulnerability and social vulnerability is the representative of comprehensive assessment of vulnerability from the perspective of coupling system. It avoids the disadvantages of focusing only on natural or social single system but does not consider the impact of external environmental changes on vulnerability. |
| R-H | Burton et al. [23] | Emphasis is placed on the disaster-causing factors and disaster results, and the exposure and sensitivity of disaster-causing factors or environmental shocks are emphasized. |
| MOVE | Birkmann et al. [24] | Proposed by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, it contains multiple dimensions such as physical, social, and economic but did not consider the relationship between the dimensions. |
| VSD | Polsky et al. [25] | The data were decomposed into three dimensions of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability, and the data were integrated with dimension layer, index layer, and parameter layer refined step by step. |
| BBC | Bogardi and Birkmann [26] | The framework was named after three scholars, Bogardi, Birkmann, and Cardona, emphasizing that vulnerability is a dynamic process consisting of two parts: exposure and vulnerability elements. |
| AHV | Turner et al. [27] | It is believed that vulnerability is derived from the interaction of human-environment coupling system, which determines the exposure and sensitivity. |
| ADV | Acosta-Michlik and Espaldon [28] | Considering the factors of human development needs and adaptation mode selection, it is concluded that vulnerability is not only a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation but also includes the process of risk cognition. |
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