Active and Passive Earth Pressure Calculation Method for Double-Row Piles considering the Nonlinear Pile Deformation

Figure 8

Modeling diagram.

(a) Meshing of solid elements

(b) Pile element and beam element

(c) First step of excavation

(d) The second step of excavation

(e) The third step of excavation

(f) The fourth step of excavation

(g) The fifth step of excavation

(h) The sixth step of excavation

(i) The seventh step of excavation

(j) The eighth step of excavation

(k) The ninth step excavation