Evolution Mechanism of Thickly Sticky Loose Layered Arch Structure and Prediction Method of Initial Ground Fissure Caused by Underground Coal Mining

Figure 17

Arch beam structure and ground fissures.

(a) Numerical simulation renderings

(b) Loose layer “arch beam” structure

(c) Unconsolidated strata settlement funnel

(d) “Arch beam” failure and ground fissures