Study on the Strength and Yield Behaviors of Modified Silty Clay

Liu, Yuhang; Bai, Ruiqiang; Li, Dongqing

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6337345

Geofluids

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Thermal, Mechanical Behavior and Engineering Response of Frozen Soil

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 6337345 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6337345

Study on the Strength and Yield Behaviors of Modified Silty Clay

Yuhang Liu,^1,2Ruiqiang Bai ,^1,2and Dongqing Li^1,2

Academic Editor: Dongdong Ma

Received08 Apr 2022

Accepted27 Jun 2022

Published16 Jul 2022

Abstract

To study the strength and yield behaviors of the modified soil, a series of triaxial compression tests were carried out for modified silty clay with different contents of red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag, respectively. The test results showed that the strength variation of the modified soils are obviously nonlinear with the hydrostatic pressure increasing, and the nonlinear strength can be described by a modified critical state function. Then, the friction angle and the cohesive force of the modified soils were obtained according to the nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb equation, and the relationships between the friction angle, the cohesive force, and the hydrostatic pressure were studied. Finally, the yield behavior of the modified soil was investigated based on a generally criterion, and the yield surface of the modified soils locates between the SMP criterion and the Lade-Duncan criterion. This study will help to understand the strength and yield characteristics of modified soils.

1. Introduction

With the implementing of “The Belt and Road Initiative,” the density of the traffic network will be accumulated, and the traffic volume will increase continuously in cold regions. A growing number of engineerings, such as highways, bridges, and railways, will built in the regions that lack natural and high-quality soils for the foundations. To ensure the constructions service performance and reduce costs, the poor quality filling soils are usually strengthened by different modified methods [1, 2]. Studying the strength and yield behaviors of modified soils will have a great guidance for the constructions of engineering. At present, researches on the strength and yield characteristics of modified soils are less reported, especially on the chemical stabilized soils. Therefore, a study on the strength and yield characteristics of modified soils is needed.

To describe the strength characteristics of geomaterials, many strength criteria or models have been proposed, such as the Mohr-Coulomb criterion (M-C), the Lade-Duncan criterion (L-D), and the Spatially Mobilized Plane criterion (SMP) [3]. In fact, the strength and the yield behaviors of different geomaterials are different, and it is unreasonable to use a specific strength criterion to describe their strength characteristics. To describe the unique properties of geomaterials under various complex stress conditions, these strength criteria were constantly modified and improved [4–6]. Yao et al. [7] proposed a generalized nonlinear strength criterion based on the SMP criterion and the generalized Von Mises criterion. Mortara [8] proposed a widely used nonlinear unified strength criterion (MNLD criterion) based on the SMP criterion and the Lade-Duncan criterion. Liu and Indraratna [9] introduced a material coefficient and proposed a unified strength criterion for frozen soils which achieves the interconversion between the SMP criterion and the Lade-Duncan criterion. Liao et al. and Zhao et al. [10–12] proposed strength criteria of the frozen saline soils by using the generalized nonlinear strength theory, and the criteria can describe the influences of the salt content and the stress states on the strength behaviors. Those researches mainly forced on the strength behaviors of certain structural geomaterials [13]. Besides, comparing with generally structured soils, the strength and yield characteristics of chemical stabilized soils are more complex due to the existence of hydration products [14, 15]. The soils will take place following changes during the improved process: (i) the original arrangement of soil particles will be destroyed; (ii) the small particles will aggregate into larger particles, and the particles will be joint by ion exchange, flocculation, and agglomeration; (iii) the hydration products will be formed, which can form a protective film around the soil particles, the pores will be filled, and the permeability will reduce; and (iv) the strength and the stability of soils will increase gradually along with the progress of crystallization. The latter three have greater effect on strength of soils than the first one. The structure and the mineral composition of modified soils will change during the hydration reaction process, so the strength behaviors of modified soils are more complex than that of nature soils. The availability of existing strength criteria on modified soils needs to be studied. Wang et al. [16] researched the yield characteristics of lime modified soil under the conditions of different lime contents. Ren [17] developed a new strength criterion to describe the strength characteristics of nanosilica silty sand. In addition, a strength theory of fly ash stabilized soil is presented based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and the strength formation mechanism [18]. Based on mentioned above, it can be found that present strength criteria of modified soils are still at the phenomenological stage. The criterion on modified soils needs further improvement. Therefore, it is necessary to verify the availability of existing strength criteria on modified soils and give an effective criterion to describe the strength and yield behaviors of modified soils, which will contribute to the stability and safety of traffic engineering constructions.

In this study, a series of triaxial compression tests for modified soils (red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag stabilized soils) were carried out. The nonlinear strength behaviors of the modified soils were studied, and the behaviors can be described by a nonlinear critical state function. Also, the friction angle and the cohesive force of the modified soils were studied. Meanwhile, the availability of a generalized nonlinear yield criterion on modified soils was verified. This study will contribute to the understanding of the strength and yield characteristics of modified soil.

2. Test Procedure

2.1. Test Material

The tested silty clay was obtained from a highway construction field in Lanzhou, China. And the rad Pisha sandstone (RPS) and the carbide slag (CS) were collected from Yanglin, China. The raw test materials are shown in Figure 1. The relationship curve of water content and dry density of the silty clay is showed in Figure 2. The grain size distribution of the raw test materials are shown in Figure 3. The basic physical parameters of the test materials are listed in Table 1.

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2.2. Sample Preparation and Test Procedures

The mix proportions of the admixture are listed in Table 2. The soil and admixtures were filtered with 2 mm sieve after air-drying and crushing. Next, the admixtures and the silty clay were mixed, and the required water was added. According to Figure 2, the initial water content and dry density of all samples were kept as constant values of 16% and 1.65 g/cm³, respectively. The samples were prepared as cylinders with 39.1 mm in diameter and 80.0 mm in height. The samples were wrapped and insulated in plastic bags to prevent evaporation after removing the moulds. The samples were subsequently cured at and relative humidity of for 7 days before testing.

A series of triaxial compression tests were conducted by a GDS unsaturated soil triaxial system as shown in Figure 4(a) [19]. The sample was loaded at a constant axial displacement rate of 0.4 mm/min in unconsolidated and undrained test methods. The confining pressure was controlled as 100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 400 kPa, respectively. The load and deformation data were recorded and stored by the data acquisition system during the tests. Once the axial deformation reachs 15%, the test is stopped [20], and the samples after test are shown in Figure 4(b).

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3. Test Results and Analyses

Since the curves behaviors were approximately similar within the tested confining pressure range, the deviatoric stress-train curves of the samples E1-E3 as a case study. From Figure 5, it can be found that the soil exhibits a strain-hardening behavior under the confining pressures of 100 kPa and 200 kPa, and it exhibits a strain softening characteristic under the confining pressure of 400 kPa. This indicates that the strain-hardening behavior of the modified soils gradually changes to a strain-softening behavior with the increase of confining pressure.

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According to the China Geotechnical Test Standards [20], the stress at the peak deviatoric stress (softening behavior) or the stress at the 15% axial strain (hardening or plastic behavior) of the stress-strain curve can be defined as the triaxial compressive strength. Thus, the strengths of the modified soils with admixtures contents under different confining pressures are shown in Figure 6. It can be found that the strength increases with the increase of confining pressure under the condition of constant admixture content. For red Pisha sandstone stabilized soils (samples B1-B3), by increasing red Pisha sandstone content under constant confining pressure condition, the strengths do not obviously change compared with pure silty clay (sample A), as shown in Figure 6(a). When 15 wt.% red Pisha sandstone is added to the silty clay, the strength is even smaller than the pure silty clay. For the carbide slag stabilized soils (samples C1-C3) which only contains carbide slag, the strength increases obviously with the increase of carbide slag content as shown in Figure 6(b). For the red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag stabilized soils (samples D1-E3), in which carbide slag and red Pisha sandstone are mixed into the soil, the strength of sample E3 is maximum under different confining pressures, as shown in Figures 6(c) and 6(d). On the whole, under certain add amount of red Pisha sandstone, the strength of the sample positively correlates with the carbide slag content. However, the strength growth rate is obviously different with the increase of admixture content. In other words, a nonlinear relationship is found between the strength and admixture content.

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These nonlinear phenomena are analyzed and discussed from two aspects as follows:

The first is the particle size distribution. Some studies have shown that soil is an assembly of soil particles that are more prone to relative slip damage than soil particles themselves. When a certain content of coarse particles are added to the soil, the strength will be improved. At this point, coarse particles play the role of soil skeleton. When the content of the coarse particles exceeds a certain value, the adhesion between continuous particles will decrease gradually. The specimen has a loose structure due to more pores, so the strength of the soil will reduce [4, 21–23]. In addition, it is also found that the void of the soil can be reduced, which will become compact with the increase of fine particles. Assuming that fine particles and coarse particles are from the same origin (same mineralogical components, same particle shape, and so on), there is an inverse correlation between the strength and the proportion of large pores [24, 25]. Hence, for the red Pisha sandstone modified soil, it can be considered that the red Pisha sandstone increases the content of coarse particles in the soil combined with Figure 1. The soil with red Pisha sandstone content of 15 wt.% is the inflection point of strengths in Figure 6(a). After the point, the adhesion between continuous soil particles and strength will reduce. For the carbide slag modified soils, the carbide slag mainly increases the contents of silt particles and clay particles. The strength increases with the increase of carbide slag content. For the red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag modified soils when the content of red Pisha sandstone is constant, the strength increases with the increase of fine particle content (carbide slag content), as shown in Figures 6(c) and 6(d).

The second is the hydration reaction process. Studies have shown that natural red Pisha sandstone can partly dissolve in alkali solutions, in which the active SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in red Pisha sandstone form geopolymer gels will dissolve. But the dissolution rates of the active SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ are insufficient to produce a binder. The additions of carbide slag, blast furnace slag, lime, or fly ash result in a large number of geopolymers and hydration products form in red Pisha sandstone; thus, the strength will increase [21, 26–28]. In addition, the carbide slag has a finer particle size and greater specific surface area than the above alkali materials. It can lead to soil particle flocculation and agglomeration at early stage, and pozzolanic reactions are more adequate during the entire curing process [29]. A large number of hydration products and gels form, which are the major contributor for the modified soil strength, and the strength increase with the increasing of reaction products [29–31].

Based on this perspective, there is no reaction or very little reaction in the red Pisha sandstone modified soils which will increase the binders. For carbide slag modified soils, the soil particle flocculation and agglomeration at the early stage and pozzolanic reactions during the entire curing process result in the formation of gels. The denser soil structure and the great strength can be obtained than pure silty clay. For red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag modified soils, the clay minerals (e.g., kaolin, feldspar, and cronstedtite) have poor water erosion resistance in pat of the red Pisha sandstone, which was consumed to yield Si and Al for the production of Si-Al gels under the action of an alkali solution [26]. When used as the mineral additive, the carbide slag greatly promotes the polymerization reaction of the Si-Al gels by providing active Si and Al to synthesize more Si-Al gels, C-S-H gels (calcium silicate hydrates), and C-A-S-H gels (calcium aluminosilicate hydrates). They are produced of the hydration reaction of carbide slag. These Si-Al gels improve the properties of the modified soil due to the good water erosion resistance and high strength. Another part of the red Pisha sandstone acts as the skeleton of the soil. Wide pore channels exist in the soils, and this structure is conducive to the hydration reaction. The more content of carbide slag in the soil, the more obvious chemical reaction; the more gels are, the more obvious effect of improving its strength is.

Hence, the nonlinear relationship between the strength and admixture content may be caused by the combination of the particle size distribution and the hydration reaction.

4. Strength and Yield Behaviors of the Modified Silty Clay

4.1. The Influence of Admixtures Content on the Strength Behavior

4.1.1. The Influence of Admixtures Content on the Critical State Lines

To describe the strength characteristics of soils, Roscoe and Burland [32] proposed the concept of the critical state. The critical state curve can be expressed by a linear relationship in the plane: where is the strength, is the hydrostatic pressure, , is the cohesive force, is the initial critical stress ratio, and is the intercept of the critical state curve.

From Figure 6, it can be found that the critical state lines of the modified soils are nonlinear. Therefore, the critical strength functions for the soils can be modified as where is the material parameter related to the admixture content and the admixture type, which reflects the change of strength with the admixture, and and are the contents of the red Pisha sandstone and the carbide slag, respectively.

The critical state function in the plane can be expressed by

The static critical lines of the modified soils with different admixture contents are shown in Figure 7 (the points are the measured results and the curves are the critical state lines). The parameters are given in Table 3. And the material parameters ( and ) related to admixture contents can be expressed as

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(d)

From the Figure 7, the following can be observed: (1)The static critical lines (CSLs) of the modified soils with different admixture contents are nonlinear, and the slope of the CSLs is positive under all hydrostatic pressure(2)The CSL slopes of the different modified soils are different under the same confining pressure. Assume that the slope of pure silty clay is and for red Pisha sandstone stabilized soils; but the t_10wt.% < t_15wt.% < t_20wt.% < t₀ for carbide slag stabilized soils

Some studies suggest that the admixture modification of the soil microstructure may lead to deformations at the macroscopic scale, and these deformations significantly influence the mechanical behavior of the soil [4]. After being improved, the arrangement of soil particles and the inter particle cementation also have a significant influence on the mechanical properties of soil. Thus, the critical state line (CSL) changes with the changes of fine particles content and hydration products in the soil. In Figure 7(a), the nonlinear degree of the curves increases with the increase of red Pisha sandstone content. It can be found that the critical state line of sample B3 almost coincides with that of pure silty clay. With the increase of the red Pisha sandstone content, the parameter decreases gradually, and the parameter has little change. From Figures 7(b)–7(d), it can be found that the nonlinear degree of the curve becomes more obvious with the increase of carbide slag content under a certain red Pisha sandstone content (0 wt.%, 10 wt.%, and 15 wt.%). Comparing the curves of samples D1 with E1, and D2 with E3, we can find that the nonlinear degree of the curve increases with the increasing of red Pisha sandstone content under a certain admixtures content of carbide slag. We can be sure that the influence of red Pisha sandstone on strength nonlinear degree is greater than that of carbide slag.

4.1.2. The Influences of Admixtures Content on the Friction Angle and the Cohesive Force

In the space, the criterion of Mohr-Coulomb can be expressed as

In the space, the criterion can be expressed as follows:

According to the envelope theory, the following equation can be obtained:

Substituting Equations (3) and (9) into Equation (10), for the nonlinear strength criterion of modified soil, the normal stress related to and can be obtained by

In the space, the friction angle of the modified soil can be calculated by

Substituting Equations (11) and (12) into Equation (14), the friction angle and the cohesive force can be obtained as follows:

Combining with Table 3, the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and the friction angle of the modified soils with different admixture contents can be obtained by Equation (15), as shown in Figure 8. It can be found that the friction angles of all samples decrease with the increase of hydrostatic pressure. For red Pisha sandstone modified soils, the friction angle reaches the minimum and maximum values when red Pisha sandstone contents are 15 wt.% and 10 wt.%, respectively (Figure 8(a)). The friction angle of sample B3 (20 wt.% red Pisha sandstone) is the same as that of pure silty clay (sample A). For the carbide slag modified soils, the friction angles increase with the increase of admixture contents (Figure 8(b)). For the red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag modified soils, the friction angles are positively correlated with the carbide slag contents under a certain admixtures content of red Pisha sandstone (Figures 8(c) and 8(d)). On the whole, the influence of hydrostatic pressure on friction angle of sample D2 is little, and only the friction angle of sample B2 is less than that of pure silty clay.

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The relationships between the hydrostatic pressure and the cohesive force of the modified soils with different admixture contents are shown in Figure 9. As can be seen, there is a positive correlations between the cohesive force and the hydrostatic pressure. In Figure 9(a), the content of red Pisha sandstone has little influence on the curves. The cohesive force of sample B3 is slightly higher than that of other soil samples. The cohesive forces of the carbide slag modified soils are significantly higher than that of silty clay with the increase of hydrostatic pressure (Figure 9(b)). For the red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag modified soils, the cohesive force increases with the increase of hydrostatic pressure and carbide slag content (Figures 9(c) and 9(d)).

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4.2. Yield Behaviors of the Modified Silty Clay

4.2.1. Yield Criterion of the Modified Silty Clay

Numerous theoretical researches have shown that the yield curves of different geomaterials in the deviatoric plane are constantly changing, and it is impossible to use a specific criterion to describe their yield characteristics. Hence, in order to apply to various complex stress conditions and unique properties of geomaterials, some criteria are constantly proposed [2, 6–11, 33]. Chen [2] proposed a criterion based on the generalized Von Mises criterion, the Lade-Duncan criterion, and the SMP criterion, which can be expressed as where , , and are the first stress invariant, the second stress invariant, and the third stress invariant, respectively; and and are the material parameters.

The value of the parameter reflects the shape change of the yield curve: (i) when is equal to 3, the yield curve degenerates to generalized Von Mises criterion; (ii) when is equal to 2, the yield curve degenerates to the Lade-Duncan criterion; (iii) when is equal to 0, the yield curve degenerates to the SMP criterion; (iv) when is in the range of 0 to 3, the criterion between the generalized Von Mises criterion and the SMP criterion, which applies to soil, rock, concrete, and other materials; and (v) when is less than 0, the yield curve in the inside of the SMP criterion, which is suitable for brittle materials. The generalized Von Mises criterion, the Lade-Duncan criterion, and the SMP criterion are special cases of this generalized criterion. For is a constant, the curves in the deviatoric plane for different parameters n (from -∞ to 3) are shown in Figure 10. In this case, the value of is 1. It can be found that the yield curve shape in the deviatoric plane changes from a complete circle to a curved triangle with the decreasing of .

Figure 11 shows the morphology of yield surfaces under different values in 3D principal stress space. In order to facilitate observation, is set to different values. And the space yield surface from inside to outside corresponds to values of -∞, 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. When the value of changes from small to large, the shapes of the corresponding yield surfaces are gradually transformed from a sharper curved triangle cone to a circular cone. From the above analyses, the generalized criterion has a wide range of application and can describe the yield characteristics of various geotechnical materials well.

In the space, Equation (17) can be rewritten as

The generalized nonlinear criterion can be expressed as

Obviously, combining with Equations (3) and (19), the above two equations are the modified generalized nonlinear strength and yield criteria expressions for soils. The criterion can scientifically and reasonably describe the nonlinear effects of friction angle, hydrostatic pressure, stress Lode’s angle, and admixtures content on strength of geomaterial. Next, the effectiveness of this yield criterion of modified soils will be examined.

4.2.2. Yield Surface of the Modified Silty Clay

In the triaxial compression stress state, stress Lode’s angle is equal to 0, Equation (19) can be rewritten as [2]

Then, we can determine the yield surface of the modified soil. When , the yield behavior of the modified soils can be well described by Equation (20). It indicates that the yield surface of the modified soil locates between the SMP criterion () and the Lade-Duncan criterion (). Figure 12 shows the yield curves of pure silty clay under different confining pressures. It can be found that the yield curve gradually expands outward with the increasing of hydrostatic pressure. As the yield curves of the modified soils under different confining pressures are similar, the yield curves of the modified soils under 200 kPa confining pressure are a case study as shown in Figure 13. The yield curves are very close for different admixture contents under a low confining pressure. Thus, a significant change in the shape of the curves cannot be observed. In addition, it can also be found that the yield curve of 15 wt.% red Pisha sandstone modified soil is located at the innermost, while the shape curve of 10 wt.% red Pisha sandstone modified soil is located at the outermost as shown in Figure 13(a). The curve of sample B3 (20 wt.% red Pisha sandstone) almost coincides with that of pure silty clay (sample A). For carbide slag modified soils, the shape curve gradually expands outward with the increasing of carbide slag content as shown in Figure 13(b). For red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag modified soils when the content of red Pisha sandstone is constant, the shape curve gradually expands outward with the increasing of carbide slag content as shown in Figures 13(c) and 13(d). It can be found that the yield stress of the modified soil increases with the increase of carbide slag content.

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The yield curves of the modified soils with different red Pisha sandstone contents under different confining pressures when carbide slag content is 10 wt.% are shown in Figure 14. The innermost curve is the yield curve of pure silty clay. The curve gradually shrinks inward with the increase of the red Pisha sandstone content. The yield stress reaches a minimum value when the red Pisha sandstone content is equal to 15 wt.%, while it reaches a maximum value when the red Pisha sandstone content is 0 wt.%. It shows that the yield stress of the modified soils decreases gradually with the increase of the red Pisha sandstone content when the carbide slag content is a constant.

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5. Conclusions

A series of triaxial compression tests have been carried out for modified silty clay with red Pisha sandstone and carbide slag in this study, and the strength and yield behaviors of the modified silty clay have been studied. The following conclusions can be made: (1)The strength reaches a minimum value when the red Pisha sandstone content equals to 15 wt.% and the carbide slag content equals to 0 wt.%, while it reaches a maximum value when the red Pisha sandstone and the carbide slag contents equal to 0 wt.% and 20 wt.%, respectively. The influence of the red Pisha sandstone on strength nonlinear degree is greater than that of the carbide slag(2)The strength variation of the modified soils is obviously nonlinear with the hydrostatic pressure and admixtures content increasing, and the nonlinear strength can be described by a modified critical state function(3)The yield behavior of the modified soil can be described by a generalized nonlinear criterion, and the yield surface of the modified soil is located between the SMP criterion and the Lade-Duncan criterion

Data Availability

The data is included in the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. ZDRW-ZS-2020-1), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. QYZDY-SSW-DQC015), and the Project of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (Grant No. SKLFSE-ZQ-57).

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Copyright © 2022 Yuhang Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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