Simulation and Prediction of Injection Pressure in CO₂ Geological Sequestration Based on Improved LSO Algorithm and BP Neural Networks

Table 4

Final training error vs. test error for four algorithms (number of iterations is 3000).

	Training error				Test error
	BP	GWO_BP	LSO_BP	ILSO_BP	BP	GWO_BP	LSO_BP	ILSO_BP
MSE	0.3068	0.1205	0.1297	0.0496	0.4111	0.1691	0.1785	0.0668
RMSE	0.5539	0.3471	0.3602	0.2226	0.6412	0.4112	0.4225	0.2584
MAE	0.4278	0.2615	0.2705	0.1700	0.4993	0.3211	0.3316	0.1999