Grouting Treatment and Parameters Optimization in Watery Karst Areas of High Speed Railway Tunnel Based on Comprehensive Geological Forecast: A Case Study

Table 1

Methods for predicting watery karst areas.

Name	Detection distance	Applicable conditions	Advantages	Disadvantages
Tunnel seismic prediction	120 m	Detect karsts, faults, fracture zones, and other structures	Capable of long-distance detection	Not sensitive enough to watery areas
Transient electromagnetic method	40 m	Detect karsts, faults, fracture zones, fissures, and groundwater	Capable of predicting fractured zones, sensitive to conductive water	Easily disturbed by metal structures, cables
Geological radar	30 m	Detect karsts, faults, fracture zones, fissures, and groundwater	Capable of predicting fractured zones, sensitive to conductive water	Easily disturbed by metal structures, cables
Advanced drilling	30 m	Detect karsts, faults, fracture zones, fissures, and groundwater	Ability to drill and analyze directly into the surrounding rock ahead	Time consuming and influenced by the analyst’s experience
Advanced drilling combined with industrial endoscopy	0~30 m	Detect karsts, faults, fracture zones, fissures, and groundwater	Time-saving and precise judgment of the surrounding rock ahead	/