Measurement of Excess Pore-Water Pressure in Frozen Soil at Subfreezing Temperatures Close to 0°C

Figure 1

Four methods to measure PWP in freezing, thawing, and partially frozen soils. (a) Tensiometer, (b) porous disc, (c) filter-less rigid piezometer [18], and (d) miniature pressure transducer.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)