Measurement of Excess Pore-Water Pressure in Frozen Soil at Subfreezing Temperatures Close to 0°C

Table 1

Publication on PWP measurement in freezing, thawing, and frozen soils.

Measurement methods	Device structure	Literatures
Tensiometer	A porous cup inserted in soil connects to a pressure sensor via a tube	[9, 10, 12, 13, 16]
Porous disc or ring transfer device	A porous disc or lateral ring connects to pressure gauge via a tube	[14, 17, 22, 23, 25]
Filter-less rigid piezometer	A filter-less rigid tube connects to fiber-optic pressure sensor	[18]
Miniature pressure transducer	A miniature pressure sensor with a porous filter on the sensing plane	[21, 20, 26, 27]