Research Article

Machine-Learning-Assisted Identification of Steam Channeling after Cyclic Steam Stimulation in Heavy-Oil Reservoirs

Table 3

The universal attribute set used for the prediction of steam channeling.

TypeLocationNameDescription (unit)

DynamicTime seriesInjectorAmount of steam injectionTotal amount of steam injection in a single period (t)
Time seriesInjectorSteam-injection speedSteam injection per day (t/d)
Time seriesInjectorSteam-injection intensitySteam injection per meter in a unit area (t/(m·d·ha))
Time seriesInjectorAmount of N2 injectionTotal amount of N2 injection in a single cycle (Nm3)
Statistical dataInjectorCumulative steam injectionCumulative amount of steam in a single cycle (t)
Time dataInjectorInjection pressureWell head pressure (MPa)
Time dataInjectorSteam qualityInjected steam quality
Time dataInjectorSteam temperatureWell head steam-injection temperature (°C)
Statistical dataInjectorMax. injection pressureMaximum injection pressure without fracture formation (MPa)
Statistical dataInjectorNumber of cyclesCertain cycle of steam huff and puff
Statistical dataInjectorTime of high-pressure injectionRatio of days of high-pressure injection and total days of steam injection
Statistical dataInjectorTime rateRatio of cumulative days of steam injection and total days of steam huff-and-puff cycle
Statistical dataInjectorPerforationLocation of completion of steam injector
Statistical dataInjectorLayer of steam injectorProduction layer at different times

StaticStatistical dataNeighboring well/injectorEffective thicknessFormation thickness of injector and neighboring wells (m)
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorLorentz coefficientFormation heterogeneity
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorPermeability ratioRatio of max. and min. permeability
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorPermeabilityFormation permeability of injector and neighboring wells (D)
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorPorosityFormation porosity of injector and neighboring wells
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorShale contentShale content based on logging data
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorNet total thickness ratioNet total thickness ratio of injector/neighboring wells
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorDensity of well patternDensity of well pattern in different locations
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorRhythmicityFormation rhythmicity in different locations
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorFormation coefficientMultiplication of permeability and thickness
Statistical dataNeighboring well/injectorMobility coefficientRatio of multiplication of permeability and thickness and viscosity