Spontaneous Imbibition Experiment and Main Influence Factors in Ultra-Low-Permeability Reservoirs

Shi, Lihua; Li, Hong; Shi, Tiaotiao; Hou, Binchi; Xue, Ying; Shen, Zhenzhen; Zeng, Jun

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9509398

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Geomechanics of Deep Unconventional Oil and Gas Exploitation

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Volume 2023 | Article ID 9509398 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9509398

Spontaneous Imbibition Experiment and Main Influence Factors in Ultra-Low-Permeability Reservoirs

Lihua Shi,^1,2Hong Li,³Tiaotiao Shi,¹Binchi Hou,^1,2Ying Xue,⁴Zhenzhen Shen,¹and Jun Zeng¹

Academic Editor: Peng Tan

Received07 Nov 2022

Revised14 Dec 2022

Accepted18 Mar 2023

Published03 Apr 2023

Abstract

The imbibition has an important influence on the water injection development of ultra-low-permeability reservoirs. In this paper, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) high-temperature and high-pressure displacement system was used to simulate the formation temperature and pressure and the spontaneous imbibition of single porosity medium and dual porosity medium (containing fractures), and imbibition displacement experiments at different injection rates were carried out. The NMR T₂ spectrum curves of simulated oil signals in the pores, throats, and fractures were obtained. The characteristics of oil content change and oil displacement efficiency in dual porosity medium under different experimental conditions were quantitatively evaluated, and the contribution of spontaneous imbibition to oil displacement efficiency was clarified. The experimental results show that the oil displacement efficiency of single porosity medium is lower than that of dual porosity medium. The smaller the pore is, the greater the displacement speed is, and the greater the contribution rate of imbibition is. The porosity, permeability, and maximum pore throat radius are positively correlated with the oil displacement efficiency of spontaneous imbibition but are poorly correlated with the oil displacement efficiency of under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement. The poor correlation also includes the median pressure, maximum mercury saturation, median radius, and displacement rate. Fractures play a positive role in improving oil displacement efficiency.

1. Introduction

The pore structure of ultra-low-permeability reservoir is very complex, microfractures are developed, and the heterogeneity is strong. Generally, the artificial fractures are formed after fracturing, and the fluid seepage system is complicated [1–4]. The injected water is prone to water displacement along the fracture and cannot effectively utilize the crude oil in the matrix [5–8]. After years of research, the spontaneous imbibition between fractures and matrix can significantly improve the waterflooding development of such reservoirs, and it is the one of the important mechanisms of enhanced oil recovery in tight reservoirs [9, 10]. At present, scholars at home and abroad have carried out a lot of research on the mechanism of imbibition [11–13]. Chen [14] using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology revealed the distribution characteristics of the fluid in the pores under the action of imbibition and displacement for the first time and quantitatively characterized the imbibition characteristics of small pores dominated by water absorption and large pores dominated by oil drainage, and the imbibition recovery degree of the heterogeneous core is higher than the average core imbibition recovery degree. Erickson et al. [15] through the finite element method simulated the spontaneous imbibition process in the shrinking expanding and expanding shrinking capillary under the gas-liquid system; studied the length, number, radius, wettability, and surface tension of the variable diameter section of the capillary; and revealed that the imbibition end time of the nonequal diameter capillary is longer than that of the equal diameter capillary equivalent to the radius of the variable diameter section. The end time of imbibition of nonequal diameter capillary does not change with the increase of the number of variable diameter segments of capillary; Xu et al. [16] revealed the microimbibition law of small- and medium-sized pores dominated by imbibition and large pores dominated by displacement by nuclear magnetic resonance. Wang et al. [17, 18] studied the influence of spontaneous imbibition and dynamic imbibition on the saturation distribution of residual oil in the natural core of Chang 8 reservoir in Yanchang Oilfield by using NMR technology. It is found that when the permeability of spontaneous imbibition is less than 0.1 millidarcy, the pores with a radius less than 5.85 microns contribute greatly to the recovery. With the increase of permeability, the contribution of pores with a radius of 5.85 to 58.5 microns to the recovery continues to increase. Wang et al. [19] established the experimental method of dynamic imbibition between fracture and matrix according to the theoretical model and physical model of the cross-seepage flow between fracture and matrix in low-permeability reservoir. They conducted experimental research on the relevant influencing factors (dynamic imbibition by parameters such as displacement speed in fracture, oil-water viscosity ratio, wettability, and initial water saturation). Yang [20] studied the influencing factors of tight reservoir imbibition and found that different imbibition methods and permeability have different effects on imbibition rate. The existence of fractures in tight reservoirs can effectively increase the basic area of tight matrix and imbibition fluid, reduce seepage resistance, and improve imbibition recovery [21–26].

The main factors affecting spontaneous imbibition are rock properties, fluid properties, and so on. However, due to the limitations of experimental methods and techniques, as well as the complexity of the reservoir, the mechanism of spontaneous imbibition in ultra-low-permeability reservoir is still unclear [27–34]. To solve the above problems, based on the NMR high-temperature and high-pressure displacement system, representative cores were selected for the spontaneous imbibition experiment of single porosity medium and dual porosity medium imbibition displacement experiment. By measuring the response to external signals of fluid changes in the core, the differential characteristics of oil displacement efficiency of pore throat fracture system were evaluated, and the contribution of spontaneous imbibition to the final oil displacement efficiency was determined. The research results will provide important experimental basis for water injection development of ultra-low-permeability reservoir.

2. Spontaneous Imbibition Experiment

2.1. Experimental Principle and Steps

By studying the difference of imbibition displacement effect between single porosity medium and dual porosity medium rock samples under different experimental conditions, the contribution of spontaneous imbibition to the final oil displacement efficiency is determined, and the oil-bearing changes and oil displacement efficiency differences in the pore throat fracture system under different experimental conditions are quantitatively evaluated, to provide an experimental basis for the determination of reasonable parameters for fine water injection development. This experiment is based on NMR high-temperature and high-pressure displacement system. The experimental core is taken from Chang 6 reservoir in area of Yanchang oilfield. The porosity of Chang 6 core is between 6.93% and 11.54%, with an average of 9.96%. Permeability is μm² range, average μm² (see Table 1 for core parameters). The experimental equipment is Oxford Geospec 2/53 nuclear magnetic resonance instrument (Figure 1) and a constant temperature water bath heating device (Figure 2), the core wettability is hydrophilic, the oil viscosity is 6.54 mPa·s, and the density is 0.82 g/cm³. During the experiment, the core is completely immersed in Mn²⁺ concentration 25000 mg/L manganese water, and the temperature is maintained at about 55°C.

Through spontaneous imbibition experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance testing technology, the imbibition efficiency is calculated by measuring the nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ spectrum of core at different times. Experimental steps are as follows: (1)Drill a core with a diameter of 2.5 cm and measure its length(2)Prepare benzene and alcohol solvent according to 1 : 3 (volume ratio), and then, put the core into it for oil washing(3)After oil washing, put the core into a constant temperature box to heat it to about 110°C and keep it for more than 48 hours. At the same time, measure the dry weight and permeability of the core(4)Rock core is saturated with formation water, and T₂ spectrum curve and wet weight of rock core are tested(5)Displace the core with 30000 mg/L manganese water at a constant speed of 0.5 mL/min, and test the dotted line of T₂ spectrum again after the completion(6)Displace the formation water in the core with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min until there is no water at the outlet end, and conduct T₂ spectrum test after the completion of saturated oil(7)The core was placed in 30000 mg/L manganese water for static spontaneous imbibition experiments. During the experiment, the core was photographed to observe the surface changes of the core. Test the T₂ spectrum of NMR at a certain interval. The experiment ends when the difference of coverage area under T₂ spectrum of spontaneous imbibition for two consecutive times is less than 3%, and the effective spontaneous imbibition time is recorded(8)Conduct the secondary oil washing operation on the core, repeat steps (2)-(7), conduct the spontaneous imbibition experiment according to the effective spontaneous imbibition time obtained in step (8), and conduct the nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ spectrum test at the end of the experiment(9)After the spontaneous imbibition, the experimental rock was displaced by manganese water at a constant rate of 30000 mg/L until the export liquid did not contain crude oil, and the nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ spectrum test was carried out. Compare the difference of NMR T₂ common coverage area in steps (6), (8), and (9), and quantitatively calculate the contribution of spontaneous imbibition to oil displacement efficiency. The calculation process is as follows: The area between the curve at 0 h and the horizontal axis is (representing the remaining oil distribution at the initial moment), and the area between the curve at 168 h and the horizontal axis is (representing the remaining oil distribution after self-absorption). Under the same experimental conditions, the area difference between curves and () is the crude oil driven by spontaneous imbibition. The ratio of () to is the contribution degree of spontaneous imbibition to oil displacement efficiency

2.2. Analysis of Experimental Results

(1)In the process of core imbibition, nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ spectrum test is carried out at a certain interval. Figures 3 and 4 show the shape of NMR T₂ spectrum of different core samples. It can be seen from the T₂ spectrum that the nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ spectrum curves of core 3-1 and core 3-2 are in the form of double peaks. At different test times, the right peak is high and the left peak is low. The peak value is the highest at the initial time of imbibition, and then, the envelope area of T₂ spectrum gradually decreases(2)The curves of core 3-1 and core 3-2 decreased gradually and both peaks decreased 48 hours before the imbibition. When the imbibition time reaches 168 h, the oil in the core begins to concentrate to a certain aperture range, with large pores (7.75-519.02 μm). The oil driven by the medium imbibition begins to slowly enter the small hole (0.09-7.75 μm) (Figure 3), the final oil displacement efficiency of core 3-1 is 18.35%, and that of core 3-2 is 33.68% (Table 2). It can be seen from the spontaneous imbibition of core (Figure 3) that the spontaneous imbibition oil drops of core 3-1 are mainly concentrated on the side of core, and there are no obvious oil drops on the surface of core 3-2. In the large aperture range, the reduced area of T₂ spectrum of dual porosity medium samples is significantly higher than that of single porosity medium samples. The existence of cracks communicates with macropores with weak spontaneous imbibition, which increases the oil displacement efficiency of spontaneous imbibition of macropores. The contribution of cores 3-1 and 3-2 to oil displacement efficiency is similar (Table 2). The cores are characterized by macropores and small pore content. The permeability effect of macropores is poor, and small pores preferentially absorb water and drain oil. Capillary pressure is the driving force of spontaneous permeability(3)Under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement of core 3-1 at different displacement rates, the oil in the large pore (9.80-380.21 μm) is continuously reduced. When the displacement rate is 0.02 mL/min, only part of the oil enters the pore (0.09~9.81 μm). When the displacement rate is 0.04 mL/min, the range of pore utilization increased. The oil in the large pore is driven out, and the oil saturation of the small pore (0.09~5.66 μm) is slightly increased, indicating that the oil displacement effect is good. When the displacement rate reaches 0.06 mL/min, the oil saturation of small and large pores decreases obviously. When the core displacement rate is 0.02 mL/min, the utilization range of the pore is 5.67~657.84 μm. When the displacement rate is 0.04 mL/min, the large pores are effectively utilized, but the oil in the pores of 0.09~5.66 μm is almost not discharged. When the displacement rate is 0.06 mL/min, all the oil in the pore is completely discharged, and displacement plays a major role compared to spontaneous imbibition(4)When the displacement rate of core sample 3-1 is 0.02 mL/min, 0.04 mL/min, and 0.06 mL/min, the spontaneous imbibition displacement efficiency is 10.71%, 19.59%, and 49.89%, and the average spontaneous imbibition displacement efficiency is 26.73%. The maximum contribution rate of spontaneous imbibition is 85.80%, 49.71%, and 85.11%, respectively, and the average maximum contribution rate was 73.54%. When the displacement speed of core sample 3-2 is 0.02 mL/min, 0.04 mL/min, and 0.06 mL/min, the spontaneous imbibition displacement efficiency is 18.89%, 34.59%, and 13.99%, and the average spontaneous imbibition displacement efficiency is 22.49%. The maximum contribution rate of spontaneous imbibition is 84.77%, 79.16%, and 28.16%, respectively, and the average maximum contribution rate is 64.03% (Table 3). The displacement rate has a great influence on the contribution rate of imbibition in porous media containing fractures

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(b)

(c)

(d)

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Figure 4

Nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ spectrum curves. (a) Spontaneous imbibition 168 h and 0.02 mL/min displacement T₂ spectrum (core 3-1); (b) spontaneous imbibition 168 h and 0.02 mL/min displacement T₂ spectrum (core 3-2); (c) spontaneous imbibition 168 h and 0.04 mL/min displacement T₂ spectrum (core 3-1); (d) spontaneous imbibition 168 h and 0.04 mL/min displacement T₂ spectrum (core 3-2); (e) spontaneous imbibition 168 h and 0.06 mL/min displacement T₂ spectrum (core 3-1); (f) spontaneous imbibition 168 h and 0.06 mL/min displacement T₂ spectrum (core 3-2).

3. Dual Action Oil Displacement Law under Different Influencing Factors

According to the spontaneous imbibition experiment, the pore structure type is an important factor affecting the microseepage characteristics of water drive oil, and reservoirs with different pore types have different microseepage characteristics. In the process of waterflooding, water preferentially enters the macropores for displacement and then enters the small and medium pores. In the process of spontaneous imbibition, under the action of capillary force, the imbibition effect of pores is better, and the role of fractures in spontaneous imbibition and displacement is complex.

3.1. Physical Parameters

It can be seen from Figure 5 that porosity has a good correlation with spontaneous imbibition oil displacement efficiency, with a correlation coefficient of 0.51. Under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement, the oil displacement efficiency has a poor correlation, with a correlation coefficient of only 0.27, which is a positive correlation as a whole. Generally, the larger the porosity is, the greater the pore content is, and the more pores are for spontaneous imbibition and oil displacement. When considering spontaneous imbibition and displacement at the same time, there are many factors affecting the ultimate oil displacement efficiency. A single pore cannot better reflect pore connectivity, pore size distribution, different types of pore content, etc., so it has poor correlation with dynamic imbibition efficiency.

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(b)

It can be seen from Figure 6 that permeability has a good correlation with spontaneous imbibition oil displacement efficiency, with a correlation coefficient of 0.60. Under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement, it has a poor correlation with a coefficient of 0.15, which is also a positive correlation on the whole. Permeability can better reflect the connectivity between pores. The core with good connectivity has high oil displacement efficiency. The larger the permeability is, the larger the water displacement range is, so that the oil in the small hole is displaced. The poor correlation between imbibition rate and dynamic oil displacement efficiency is mainly due to the existence of macropores and fractures. On the one hand, it improves the permeability of the reservoir, but at the same time, it will lead to the rapid penetration of injected water along macropores and fractures, the small pores are difficult to be swept, and a large amount of remaining oil cannot be effectively used, which ultimately reduces the oil displacement efficiency.

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(b)

3.2. Pore Characteristic Parameters

It can be seen from Figures 7 and 8 that the maximum pore throat radius has a certain positive correlation with the static oil displacement efficiency, and the correlation coefficient is 0.48. With the increase of the maximum pore throat radius, the spontaneous imbibition oil displacement efficiency increases, and the maximum pore throat radius has no obvious correlation with the oil displacement efficiency under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement. The maximum mercury injection saturation refers to the total volume of Mercury entering the rock sample when the mercury injection pressure is the highest. The higher its value is, the better the connectivity of the pore throat is.

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(b)

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It can be seen from Figures 9 and 10 that, under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement, the median pressure has a certain negative correlation with the displacement efficiency of core samples, and the correlation is not obvious, and the correlation coefficients are 0.10 and 0.18, respectively. With the decrease of median pressure, oil displacement efficiency increases. The median radius has no correlation with the oil displacement efficiency under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement but has a certain positive correlation with the spontaneous imbibition oil displacement efficiency, and the correlation coefficient is only 0.25. With the increase of the median radius, the spontaneous imbibition displacement efficiency will increase to a certain extent. In general, the pore characteristic parameters of core samples measured by the mercury intrusion method have a certain correlation with the spontaneous imbibition oil displacement efficiency. When the maximum pore throat radius is larger, the median pressure is smaller, and the median radius is larger, the spontaneous imbibition oil displacement efficiency increases. But under the dual action of spontaneous imbibition and displacement, the correlation between pore throat parameters and the oil displacement efficiency is poor.

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3.3. Displacement Speed

Figure 11 shows the relationship between different displacement rates and the final oil recovery efficiency. It can be seen that there is no obvious correlation between displacement speed and oil displacement efficiency. The greater the influence of displacement speed on oil displacement efficiency, the better. It is necessary to comprehensively consider physical parameters, pore characteristics, media types, and other factors.

4. Conclusions

(1)The oil displacement efficiency of single porosity medium core sample is lower than that of dual medium, the average spontaneous oil displacement efficiency of single medium is 26.73%, and the average spontaneous oil displacement efficiency of dual medium is 22.49%. The average maximum contribution rate of spontaneous imbibition of single medium is 73.54%, and that of dual porosity medium is 64.03%. This is related to the overall high oil displacement efficiency of water drive after dual medium imbibition. The existence of fractures can improve the connectivity of the pore throat, to improve the oil displacement efficiency(2)The maximum contribution rate of small pores is 85.80%, 49.71%, and 85.11%, respectively, when the displacement velocity of single medium core is low, medium, and high. However, for the dual porosity medium, the maximum contribution rate is 84.77%, 79.16%, and 28.16% when the displacement velocity is low, medium, and high. Fractures have great influence on the oil displacement efficiency of spontaneous imbibition and displacement(3)Pore structure type is an important factor affecting the microflow characteristics of waterflooding. Reservoirs with different pore types have different microseepage characteristics. In the process of waterflooding, water preferentially enters the macropores and then enters the small and medium pores. In the process of spontaneous imbibition, under the action of capillary force, the imbibition effect of smaller pores is better, and the role of fractures in spontaneous imbibition and displacement is complex

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

L.S. was responsible for the conceptualization. L.S. and H.L. were responsible for the methodology. L.S., T.S., and B.H. were responsible for the experiment. L.S. and Y.X. were responsible for the data curation; L.S., H.L., Z.S., and J.Z were responsible for writing the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant Nos. 2023-JC-YB-423 and 2022JQ-290) and the Science and Technology Project of Yanchang Petroleum Group (ycsy2022jcts-B-32).

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