Management of Acute Pancreatitis: Conservative Treatment and Step-Up Invasive Approaches—Evidence-Based Guidance for Clinicians

Table 1

Most common causes of acute pancreatitis.

Causes of acute pancreatitis	References
(i) Gallstones	[3]
(ii) Ethanol	[3]
(iii) Trauma	[3]
(iv) Surgery (aortic surgery, pancreatic surgery)	[3]
(v) Steroids	[10]
(vi) Malignancy (pancreas, biliary duct, gallbladder, liver, stomach, ampulla of Vater, and duodenum)	[3, 5]
(vii) Infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic)	[3, 11]
(viii) Genetic factors (PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, CASR, CTRC, CLDN2, and CPA1)	[8]
(ix) Autoimmune	[9]
(x) Metabolic disorders (hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia)	[6, 7]
(xi) Postendoscopic procedures (ERCP, EUS)	[4]
(xii) Drugs (furosemide, lorsartan, and azathioprine)	[10]
(xiii) Scorpion sting	[3]
(xiv) Idiopathic	[12]

ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EUS: endoscopic ultrasound.