Outcome of COVID-19 Patients Presented with Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of entire cohort ().

No.	Characteristics		(%)
1.	Mean age (years)
2.	Gender (male)		136/241 (56.4)
3.	Mean BMI (kg/m^2)
4.	COVID-19 vaccination status
	Complete		38/241 (15.8)
	Incomplete		4/241 (1.7)
	None		199/241 (82.6)
5.	Comorbidities
	Hypertension		84/241 (34.9)
	Diabetes mellitus		43/241 (17.8)
	Ischemic heart disease		24/241 (9.9)
	Chronic kidney disease		14/241 (5.8)
	Pulmonary tuberculosis		9/241 (3.7)
	Cerebrovascular accident		7/241 (2.9)
	Bronchial asthma		4/241 (1.7)
	COPD		2/241 (0.8)
6.	Preexisting gastrointestinal diseases
	Peptic ulcers		4/241 (1.7)
	GI carcinoma		1/241 (0.4)
7.	Preexisting liver diseases
	Chronic hepatitis B		7/241 (2.9)
	Chronic hepatitis C		2/241 (0.8)
	Alcohol-related liver disease		2/241 (0.8)
	MAFLD		1/241 (0.4)
	Hepatocellular carcinoma		1/241 (0.4)
8.	Days of disease onset at the time of admission (days)
9.	Gastrointestinal symptoms
	No gastrointestinal symptom at admission		195/241 (80.9%)
	Gastrointestinal symptoms at admission		46/241 (19.1%)
	Ageusia/hypogeusia		19/46 (41.3)
	Diarrhea		13/46 (28.3)
	Nausea and vomiting		6/46 (13)
	Anorexia		6/46 (13)
	Abdominal pain		1/46 (2.2)
	Melaena		1/46 (2.2)
	Gastrointestinal symptoms after hospitalization		22/241(9.1%)
	Diarrhea		8/22 (36.4)
	Ageusia/hypogeusia		7/22 (31.8)
	Anorexia		4/22 (18.2)
	Nausea and vomiting		2/22 (9.1)
	Abdominal pain		1/22 (4.5)
	Total cases with GI symptoms in the entire cohort		68/241 (28.2%)
10.	Liver chemistries (mean distributions of individual tests)
	Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
	ALT (U/L)
	AST (U/L)
	ALP (U/L)
	INR
	Albumin (g/dL)
11.	Liver chemistries (categorical distribution)
	Normal liver chemistries		114/241 (47.3%)
	Abnormal liver chemistries		127/241 (52.7%)
	Pattern of abnormal liver chemistries
	(1) Hepatocellular type		89/127 (70.1)
	(2) Cholestatic type		9/127 (7.1)
	(3) Mixed type		28/127 (22)
	(4) Isolated hyperbilirubinemia		1/127 (0.8)
12.	Laboratory parameters
	WCC (×10^9/L)
	Lymphocyte (×10^9/L)
	Platelet (×10^9/L)
13.	Outcomes
	Mortality (number of expired cases)		31/241 (12.9)
	Hospital stay (days)
	HDU stay (days)

Data are expressed as mean (SD) or (%). BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MAFLD: metabolic-associated liver disease; SD: standard deviation; WCC: white cell count; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; INR: international normalized ratio; HDU: high-dependency units.