Use of Proton-Pump Inhibitor Is Not Associated with Adverse Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Territory-Wide Cohort Study
Table 2
Baseline clinical characteristics and balancing diagnositcs before and after propensity score weighting and matching between patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 who were proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) users and nonusers for a single multiple imputation data set.
Clinical characteristics
Before propensity score weighting/matching
After propensity score weighting
After propensity score matching
PPI nonuser
PPI user
ASMD
PPI nonuser
PPI user
ASMD†
PPI nonuser‡
PPI user
ASMD †
Age (years)
1.19
0.16
0.12
Male gender (, %)
3,915 (48.4)
292 (50.4)
0.04
246 (51.9)
292 (50.4)
0.03
194 (49.1)
189 (47.8)
0.02
Comorbidities (, %)
Cardiovascular diseases
1,758 (21.7)
381 (65.8)
0.93
284 (60.0)
381 (65.8)
0.13
234 (59.2)
217 (54.9)
0.09
Digestive diseases
673 (8.3)
158 (27.3)
0.43
109 (23.0)
158 (27.3)
0.10
93 (23.5)
93 (23.5)
0.003
Diabetes mellitus
1,104 (13.6)
244 (42.1)
0.58
186 (39.3)
244 (42.1)
0.06
154 (39)
143 (36.2)
0.06
Malignant tumour
201 (2.5)
62 (10.7)
0.27
43 (9.1)
62 (10.7)
0.06
42 (10.6)
37 (9.4)
0.05
Nervous system diseases
228 (2.8)
80 (13.8)
0.32
61 (12.9)
80 (13.8)
0.03
49 (12.4)
45 (11.4)
0.03
Respiratory disease
247 (3.1)
60 (10.4)
0.24
35 (7.4)
60 (10.4)
0.10
28 (7.1)
33 (8.4)
0.05
Kidney disease
90 (1.1)
60 (10.4)
0.30
31 (6.5)
60 (10.4)
0.13
26 (6.6)
22 (5.6)
0.04
Nosocomial infection
185 (2.3)
39 (6.7)
0.18
29 (6.1)
39 (6.7)
0.03
25 (6.3)
23 (5.8)
0.02
Laboratory results
Creatinine (μmol/L)
68 (57-82)
75 (63-100)
0.23
74 (61-91)
75 (63-99)
0.11
72 (61-92)
72 (60-89)
0.02
Albumin (g/L)
0.58
0.13
0.05
ALT (U/L)
23 (16-35)
23 (16-36)
0.05
23 (16-36)
23 (16-35)
0.14
23 (16-37)
24 (16-37)
0.04
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)
0.09
0.09
0.03
LDH (U/L)
0.26
0.005
0.11
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
0.34
0.10
0.08
Haemoglobin (g/dL)
0.46
0.15
0.06
White cell counts (×109/L)
0.05
0.07
0.02
Lymphocyte (×109/L)
0.51
0.11
0.04
Neutrophil (×109/L)
0.17
0.08
0.04
Platelet (×109/L)
0.27
0.05
0.03
SpO2 (%)
0.18
0.06
0.02
Respiratory rate (/min)
0.06
0.001
0.01
Concomitant drugs (n, %)
H2RA
843 (10.4)
184 (31.8)
0.46
177 (37.4)
184 (31.8)
0.12
176 (44.6)
157 (39.7)
0.12
NSAID
547 (6.8)
227 (39.2)
0.66
191 (40.3)
227 (39.2)
0.02
181 (45.8)
164 (41.5)
0.11
Aspirin
236 (2.9)
196 (33.9)
0.65
124 (26.2)
196 (33.9)
0.16
99 (25.1)
79 (20.0)
0.14
PPI users were defined as patients who had any use of PPI within 12 months before the diagnosis of COVID-19. †An indicated good balance between PPI users and PPI nonusers. Parameters with would be adjusted in the doubly robust model. ‡The number of COVID-19 patients in PPI non-user group was 912 patients after 1 : 3 propensity score matching; 53.9%, 23.0%, and 23.0% of PPI users were matched to 3, 2, and 1 PPI nonusers, respectively. ASMD: absolute standardised mean difference; PPI: proton-pump inhibitors; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SpO2:peripheral oxygen saturation.
