Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from a Population-Based Survey in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Table 4

Multivariable models of variables^# associated with GI syndromes in RA patients.

Variables	Dyspepsia	Functional constipation	IBS	GERD	GI symptom complex overlap	No functional GI disorders
Age < 60 yrs	2.5 (1.2, 5.4)	0.6 (0.4, 1.1)	1.9 (1.1, 3.4)	2.8 (1.3, 6.0)	2.2 (1.1, 4.4)	0.5 (0.3, 0.9)
Female sex	2.3 (0.8, 6.6)	0.6 (0.3, 1.1)	1.4 (0.7, 2.8)	0.6 (0.3,1.4)	1.4 (0.6, 3.3)	1.3 (0.7, 2.4)
HAQ ≥1	2.4 (1.1, 5.1)	0.6 (0.3, 1.1)	2.4 (1.3, 4.5)	3.2 (1.5, 7.1)	3.1 (1.5, 6.3)	0.7 (0.4, 1.3)
RF positivity	1.0 (0.4, 2.1)	1.0 (0.6, 1.9)	1.2 (0.7, 2.2)	1.2 (0.5, 2.6)	1.0 (0.5, 2.1)	0.8 (0.5, 1.3)
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m^2)	1.1 (0.5, 2.4)	1.0 (0.6, 1.9)	0.9 (0.5, 1.6)	0.9 (0.4, 1.9)	0.9 (0.4, 1.8)	1.1 (0.6, 1.8)
NSAIDs use	1.4 (0.7, 3.2)	0.8 (0.4, 1.5)	1.5 (0.8, 2.8)	0.8 (0.4, 1.9)	1.2 (0.6, 2.5)	0.9 (0.5, 1.7)
Smoking	1.3 (0.6, 2.8)	1.1 (0.6, 2.0)	1.0 (0.6, 1.8)	0.5 (0.2, 1.1)	0.8 (0.4, 1.6)	1.0 (0.6, 1.7)
Alcohol use	2.0 (0.6, 6.8)	1.0 (0.4, 2.6)	0.4 (0.1, 1.5)	1.3 (0.3, 5.0)	1.6 (0.5, 5.2)	1.7 (0.7, 4.3)

^#Significant (𝑃<0.05) odds ratios are shown in bold.
Abbreviations: GI: gastrointestinal; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; HAQ: health assessment questionnaire; RF: rheumatoid factor; BMI: body mass index; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.