Research Article
Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Trainees: Predictors and Results in an Academic Teaching Hospital
Table 1
Comparison of patient characteristics between difficult and easy LCs.
| | Characteristics | Difficult LC
() | Easy LC
() | value |
| | Preoperative characteristics | | Male gender† | 16 (27.6%) | 17 (13.9%) | 0.038 | | Age >65 years | 1 (1.7%) | 4 (3.3%) | 1.000 | | BMI, ≥30 kg/m2 | 10 (17.2%) | 19 (15.5%) | 0.829 | | Smoking | 6 (8.6%) | 5 (4.1%) | 0.179 | | Elevated liver enzymes | 1 (1.7%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.542 | | Previous abdominal operation | 12 (20.1%) | 21 (17.2%) | 0.681 | | Hypertension | 5 (8.6%) | 8 (6.6%) | 0.412 | | Diabetes mellitus | 3 (5.2%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0.330 | | Liver cirrhosis | 3 (5.2%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0.330 | | Previous biliary hospitalization | 13 (22.4%) | 18 (14.8%) | 0.212 | | Palpable GB | 0 | 3 (2.5%) | 0.552 | | GB wall thickness, ≥4 mm† | 38 (65.5%) | 49 (40.2%) | 0.002 | GB transverse diameter,
<2, >5 cm | 18 (31.0%) | 40 (32.8%) | 0.866 | | GB sludge† | 32 (55.2%) | 22 (18%) | 0.000 | Impacted stone in the
neck of GB† | 23 (39.7%) | 7 (5.7%) | 0.000 | | Pericholecystic fluid collection† | 5 (8.6%) | 1 (0.82%) | 0.014 | | CBD diameter, >10 mm | 2 (3.4%) | 4 (3.3%) | 1.000 | | CBD stones | 1 (1.7%) | 1 (0.82%) | 0.542 | | Surgeon LC skill, <10 LCs† | 19 (32.8%) | 22 (18%) | 0.036 | | Surgeon LC skill, >25 LCs | 26 (44.8%) | 75 (61.5%) | 0.028 | | Intraoperative characteristics | | Operative time, >60 min | 57 (98.3%) | 40 (32.8%) | 0.000 | | Operative blood loss, >50 mL | 30 (51.7%) | 29 (23.8%) | 0.000 | | Triangle of Calot adhesions† | 36 (62.1%) | 29 (23.7%) | 0.000 | | Ruptured GB† | 29 (50%) | 19 (15.6%) | 0.000 | | Spilled stones† | 20 (34.5%) | 10 (8.2%) | 0.000 | | Cystic artery injury | 6 (10.3%) | 0 | 0.001 | | CBD injury | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Conversion | 1 (1.7%) | 0 | 0.322 |
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†characteristics included in binary logistic regression analysis.
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