Study Country Study type No. of patients Sex, male/female No. of lesions Age, Diagnostic standard Macroscopic type (elevated/flat/depressed) Tumor size, Location (upper third/middle third/lower third) Histological type (differentiated/undifferentiated) Depth of invasion (T1a/T1b and deeper) H. pylori status (noneradication/uninfected/eradication/unknown)Endoscopists’ experience (experienceda /less experiencedb ) No. of positive resection of horizontal margin Yoshimizu et al. [14 ] Japan Retrospective 127 74/53 127 56 (26-80) Four or more circumferential biopsies approximately 5 mm apart from the estimated lesion border were obtained to confirm noncancerous areas 7/26/94 12 (1-29) 1/86/40 0/127 119/8 NA NA 3 Horii et al. [17 ] Japan Retrospective 330 251/79 330 NA At least 4 biopsies were taken from noncancerous tissues approximately 5 mm outside the EGC lesion 146/184 (flat+depressed) <20 (268 people) 58/272 (middle+lower) NA NA 212/2/116/0 330/0 7 Horiuchi et al. [16 ] Japan Retrospective 81 46/35 81 NA Both the utmost oral and utmost anal sites marked in ME-NBI were consistent with the results of postoperative pathological examination 0/13/68 ≤20 6/35/40 0/81 72/9 33/21/27/0 81/0 1 Nagahama et al. [15 ] Japan Prospective 175 118/57 175 Biopsies were taken from noncancerous and cancerous mucosa, each at 5 mm from the margin on the oral-most side 36/9/130 35/86/54 142/33 138/37 96/NA/NA/2 144/31 0 Horiguchi et al. [9 ] Japan Prospective 30 23/7 36 67.5 (57–83) A complete match of the histological and endoscopic horizontal extents at all four circumferential quadrant points (oral, anal, anterior, and posterior sites) around the cancerous lesion 7/0/29 4/13/19 34/2 30/6 0/0/36/0 NA NA Asada-Hirayama et al. [12 ] Japan Prospective 103 73/30 109 The marking dots (oral or anal edge of the tumor) were located within 1 mm of the pathological tumor border 44/69 18/55/36 105/4 84/25 42/30/24/7 NA NA Horiuchi et al. [13 ] Japan Prospective 76 45/31 76 Both the utmost oral and anal sites were consistent with the postoperative pathological examination NA 6/32/38 0/76 67/9 NA 76/0 17 Nonaka et al. [10 ] Japan NA 31 25/6 31 71 (57-87) Biopsies were taken from noncancerous and cancerous mucosa, each at 1.8 mm from the margin on the orifice and anal sides of each lesion 0/7/24 22 (3-72) 8/15/8 31/0 NA NA NA NA Okada et al. [11 ] Japan Prospective 18 12/6 18 The distance between an APC representing the oral and/or anal borders of the tumor and the pathological lateral extent of cancer was within 1 mm 0/11/7 4/9/5 0/18 16/2 NA NA 0 Kiyotoki et al. [18 ] Japan NA NA NA 31 NA The distance between the marking dots (one or two marking dots on the tumor margin) and the tumor margin was less than 1 mm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
