Parents’ confidence in reducing or eliminating their child’s screen time was assessed by one item: “How confident are you that you could say no to your child’s request to participate in screen time (TV/computer/video games) activities?”
Parent self-report (survey)—screen time assessed via two items relating to the time per day the child watches/plays: (1) TV/videos/DVDs and (2) video/computer games. 7-point scale from “none” to “≥3 hrs/day” for weekdays and weekends. Weighted means for each, overall screen of watching game scores.
Higher levels of parent self-efficacy are associated with lower levels of screen time among children aged 0-5 years.
The parental self-efficacy questions were created based on the translation of the GEMS (Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Study) questionnaire [45], the validated questionnaire of parental self-efficacy for enhancing healthy lifestyles in their children [46] and section L of the Aventuras Para Ninos parent survey [47].
Parent self-report (survey)—utilized and adapted from the Flemish Physical Activity Questionnaire (FPAQ, [48]). Screen time is quantified by summing minutes of TV watching and computer/console gaming, measured in daily hours for weekdays and weekends.
Parenting practices and related parental self-efficacy were not associated with children’s screen time. Children had a lower screen time if parents limited their own gaming.
Healthy Active Preschool and Primary Years (HAPPY) Study-Social correlates questionnaire [50].
Parent self-report (survey)—parents reported child’s TV/video/DVD, computer use, and game time in hrs/min for weekdays and weekends. Responses are converted to minutes for standardized total screen time assessment.
Higher levels of parental self-efficacy to limit screen time are associated with less screen time for both boys and girls.
Parental self-efficacy for limiting screen time was assessed using three items from the parenting self-efficacy scale used in the Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT Study) [52].
Parent self-report (survey)—used He et al. [53] instrument. Parents reported child’s daily TV, video, and computer/game time, with separate weekday and weekend categories: <1 h, 1-2 h, ≥3 h.
Higher levels of parental self-efficacy to limit screen time are inversely associated with child screen time.
Screen Time Self-Efficacy Scale (STSES) [55] is a 14-item scale used to assess parents’ self-efficacy for managing their child’s screen time under various challenging or stressful circumstances.
Parent self-report (survey)—Children’s Screen Time History Questionnaire (CSTHQ; [56]) used to collect child and parent screen time details.
Low levels of parental self-efficacy for managing screen time are strongly correlated with higher levels of children’s screen time.
Parents’ self-efficacy was measured in relation to reducing the child’s screen viewing behaviour using three questions that were based on Bandura’s recommendations [57].
Parent self-report (survey)—questionnaire on child’s screen time for TV and computer/laptop, reported separately for each device and for weekdays and weekends. Response options included none, 1-30 minutes, 31 minutes-1 hour, 1-2 hours, 2-3 hours, 3-4 hours, or >4 hours.
Higher levels of parental self-efficacy to limit screen time are associated with lower levels of screen viewing among 5- to 6-year-old children.
Self-efficacy to restrict child screen time was measured using three items developed for this study.
Parent self-report (survey)—screen time evaluated using the New York State Department of Health Eat Well Play Hard Survey and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey. Parents reported average child screen time for (a) TV/DVDs/videos, (b) video games, and (c) leisure computer use on weekdays and weekends. Average daily minutes is calculated with formula .
Greater self-efficacy to restrict screen time was associated with greater restriction of child screen use, after controlling for parent screen time.
Barrier self-efficacy for supporting toddlers’ physical activity included seven items primarily based on a previous study [60].
Parent self-report (survey)—adapted from the Canadian Health Measures Survey [61]. Parents reported average daily hours/minutes for (1) TV/videos/DVDs on various devices and (2) video/computer games. Total screen time is calculated by summing weighted averages of weekday and weekend times for each activity.
Higher parental confidence in managing toddlers’ screen time correlates with more effective screen time limiting practices. As parental barrier self-efficacy increases, there is a decrease in the amount of screen time allowed for the child.
Questions assessing parental self-efficacy for limiting children’s screen time items adapted from previous studies.
Parent self-report (diary)—parents documented child’s sedentary behaviour over 7 days, including TV, DVD/video watching, and tablet/smartphone use, excluding preschool hours. Reported activities’ total time in hrs/min are converted to minutes, aggregated daily. Daily average screen time is derived from a weighted average of weekdays (5/7) and weekends (2/7).
Higher parental self-efficacy for limiting children’s screen time is associated with lower screen time for preschool children, accounting for parental education.
The study employed a validated study instrument adapted from various studies measuring parent’s self-efficacy in relation to influencing the child’s physical activity and reflected the confidence level of the parent in situations related to a child’s physical activity.
Parent self-report (survey)—questions based on Bernard et al. [63] about the average time spent by the child on each media device per weekday and weekend
Parents with low self-efficacy to influence physical activity encounter more barriers to reducing children’s screen time, resulting in a higher likelihood of their child engaging in excessive screen use.
Task-specific: increase physical activity, control eating, and limit/restrict screen time
Questions on self-efficacy of carers on promoting healthy foods, limiting unhealthy foods, promoting physical activity, and limiting screen time. These self-efficacy measures were adopted from the work of Campbell et al. [42].
Parent self-report (survey)—developed collaboratively by Griffith University, Playgroup Queensland, and Queensland Health [65]. Questions determined children’s screen time (TV, DVD, video, computer, video games) for the previous day.
Higher levels of parental self-efficacy in limiting screen time are negatively correlated with the amount of screen time children engage in.
One item, rated on a 4-point scale, was used to assess parents’ confidence in their ability to help their child reduce screen time.
Parent self-report (survey)—parents asked average daily hours/minutes the child spends watching TV, using computer, and playing video games in free time, for typical weekday and weekend. Focus on recreational screen time, excluding homework time.
There is no specific mention of the association between parental self-efficacy and children’s screen time. The evaluation primarily focuses on the recall of the campaign promoting active play and its impact on parental support for screen time and play.
Parents were asked to indicate their self-efficacy in influencing their child’s physical activity level ranging from (1) “not confident” to (5) “very confident.”
Parent self-report (survey)—adapted from Bernard et al. [63]. Assessed child’s screen time for (1) TV (incl. videos, DVDs, consoles), (2) computers, and (3) handheld devices, on weekdays and weekends. Averaged device-specific time using formula; total screen across all devices.
Parents with moderate self-efficacy to influence their child’s physical activity are 2.3 times more likely to have children with excessive screen time compared to parents with higher self-efficacy.
Parents were asked to rate their confidence in influencing their child’s physical activity in a series of challenging situations, which were identified from focus group consultations with parents undertaken by the NSW Health Department.
Parent self-report (survey)—screen viewing questions measured the usual daily time spent on TV, recreational computer use, and electronic games. Based on the NSW Population Health Survey [69].
Children of parents with high self-efficacy in influencing physical activity are about 3.72 times more likely to adhere to screen time guidelines than children of parents with low self-efficacy.
Global parent self-efficacy questions from “Growing up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children” (FAHCSIA, AIFS, ABS [71]).
Parent self-report (survey)—mothers reported child’s total time spent on (i) TV programs, (ii) DVDs/videos, (iii) computer use, and (iv) electronic games, covering weekdays and weekends.
No association between parental self-efficacy and children’s screen time.
