Effects of Drug Price Changes on Patient Expenditure: Evidence from China’s Zero Markup Drug Policy

Figure 4

Effect of the ZMDP on outpatient expenditure by disease type. Note. The y-axis denotes the estimated coefficient of the ZMDP variable in different regressions. The control variables consist of patients’ demographic characteristics and physicians. CI: confidence interval. (a) Outpatient expenditure (log). (b) Reimbursable expenditure (log). (c) Out-of-pocket expenditure (log). (d) Out-of-pocket ratio (%).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)