Effects of Drug Price Changes on Patient Expenditure: Evidence from China’s Zero Markup Drug Policy

Figure 5

Effect of the ZMDP on inpatient expenditure by disease type. Note. The y-axis denotes the estimated coefficient of the ZMDP variable in different regressions. The control variables consist of patients’ demographic characteristics and physicians. CI, confidence interval. (a) Inpatient expenditure (log). (b) Reimbursable expenditure (log). (c) Out-of-pocket expenditure (log). (d) Out-of-pocket ratio (%).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)