Do Primary Healthcare Facilities in More Remote Areas Provide More Medical Services? Spatial Evidence from Rural Western China

Table 4

MLM results of outpatient and inpatient visits per service population of THCs in 2020.

Variables	Log (outpatient visit per service population)				Log (inpatient visit per service population)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Shortest driving time (minute)	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.00003)	(0.00003)	(0.00003)	(0.00003)
Number of physicians in THCs	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)
Service population (10 thousand)	−0.048	−0.048	−0.049	−0.047	−0.003	−0.003	−0.003	−0.003
	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Percentage of population over 65	0.013	0.014	0.013	0.014	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)
Share of subsidy on revenue	−0.007	−0.007	−0.007	−0.007	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)
Type of THCs: central THCs	−0.009	−0.007	−0.004	−0.007	0.011	0.011	0.011	0.011
	(0.165)	(0.165)	(0.165)	(0.165)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)
Type of THCs: general THCs	−0.062	−0.059	−0.057	−0.057	0.005	0.005	0.005	0.005
	(0.165)	(0.165)	(0.165)	(0.165)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)
County category: county-level city		−0.185	−0.286	−0.170		−0.001	−0.016	−0.001
		(0.086)	(0.107)	(0.086)		(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.006)
Duration ∗ county-level city			0.003				0.0004
			(0.002)				(0.0002)
Number of available bed days in local county hospital				<−0.0001				<0.0001
				(<0.0001)				(<0.0001)
Constant	0.970	0.975	0.982	1.057	0.051	0.050	0.052	0.049
	(0.175)	(0.174)	(0.174)	(0.181)	(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.017)
Observations	915	915	915	915	854	854	854	854
Akaike inf. crit	109.74	110.24	120.54	137.67	−3,939.60	−3,929.23	−3,918.20	−3,893.87
Bayesian inf. crit	157.93	163.25	178.36	195.49	−3,892.10	−3,876.98	−3,861.20	−3,836.87

Note. , , 1, standard errors are clustered on THCs (listed in parentheses). THCs: township healthcare centers.