Living Alone, Cognitive Function, and Well-Being of Japanese Older Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 3

Beta coefficients for women’s S-WHO-5-J scores in crude, adjusted-1, and adjusted-2 models.

	Crude model			Adjusted-1 model			Adjusted-2 model
	Beta	95% CI	value	Beta	95% CI	value	Beta	95% CI	value
SDC	−0.38	−0.42, −0.34	<0.001	−0.27	−0.31, −0.23	<0.001	−0.24	−0.28, −0.19	<0.001
Living arrangements	−0.032	−0.080, 0.016	0.20	0.019	−0.035, 0.072	0.50	0.018	−0.036, 0.072	0.51
SDCliving arrangements	0.078	0.018, 0.14	0.012	0.021	−0.046, 0.087	0.54	0.016	−0.052, 0.083	0.65

SDC, self-administered dementia checklist. Adjusted-1 model controlled baseline characteristics including age, marital status, perceived economic status, education, year of current residence, comorbidities, motor function, and regular visits to a primary care physician. Adjusted-2 model controlled the baseline characteristics and social status including reception of social support, provision of social support, regular visits to friends, regular participation in group activities, current employment status, and possession of neighborhood ties.