Examining the Effects of Human Development, Unemployment, and Globalization on Obesity in the Community: Evidence from BRICS Countries

Table 3

Fourier TY causality test results (lnobs–lnhdi).

Countries	Lnobs ⟶ lnhdi				Lnhdi ⟶ lnobs
	Values	Prob	k		Values	Prob	k
Brazil	1.522	0.696	1	3	7.652	0.106	1	3
Russia	2.220	0.570	1	3	1.259	0.746	1	3
India	6.364	0.058	1	2	5.541	0.112	1	2
China	0.039	0.846	1	1	0.173	0.664	1	1
South Africa	1.864	0.403	1	2	0.263	0.887	1	2

Note. indicates the rejection of the null hypothesis at a 10% significance level. k and are optimal frequency and optimal lag numbers, respectively.