Development of the Healthy Aging Perspectives Questionnaire among Older Adults with Chronic Disease in Taiwan

Table 4

Summary of the factor analysis and reliability for the HAPQ measure.

Items	Factor loading	Eigenvalues	% Variances	Cronbach’s α
Physical and psychological changes caused by the disease		4.94	26.02	0.89
Do you think your physical strength is getting worse after having the chronic disease?	0.78
Do you think you cannot do whatever you want as you used to after having the chronic disease?	0.83
Do you think the disease has brought you some trouble in your daily life?	0.88
Do you think the long-term and regular medication for the disease has brought you some trouble?	0.86
Do you think that even with regular medication, it is still impossible to control the changes in the disease?	0.75
Will your mood be affected when the doctor informs you of some changes in your conditions at return visit?	0.68
Living environment changes caused by the disease		4.07	21.45	0.78
Do you accept the doctor’s instruction and change your lifestyle for the disease?	0.87
Would you change your lifestyle and start regular exercise or proper diets for the disease?	0.85
Would you use appropriate aids for the disease, such as crutches, walkers, or other aids to help yourself?	0.65
Will you learn new things depending on your conditions?	0.71
Did your family help improve the environment and space to make your life easier because of the disease?	0.47
Social relationship changes caused by the disease		1.54	8.11	0.83
Will changes in your relatives’ or friends’ diseases influence your thoughts on life?	0.67
Do you feel needed from the process of serving the society or your family members?	0.92
Do you feel satisfied from the process of serving the society or your family members?	0.91
Changes in family life caused by the disease		1.36	7.13	0.71
Do you think that you spent too much time on work when you were young and now at an older age, you should spare more time to arrange your life?	0.62
Do you think that there is no need to hold on to unhappy things at an older age?	0.60
Do you feel happier when staying out of your child/children’s business?	0.75
Do you think that when you are older, you will learn to shift the focus of your life from the child/children to yourself?	0.78
Do you think husband and wife should arrange common activities?	0.49

Note. Total scale: percentage of variance = 62.71%; Cronbach’s α = 0.8.