Self-Reported Changes in Personal Development and Meaning in Life among Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Table 2
Logistic regression: positive and negative changes in personal development and meaning in life.
Paying more attention to spare time
Reflecting more on important things in life
Making less future plans
Row %a
Adjusted (age, sex) OR (95% CI)
Row %a
Adjusted (age, sex) OR (95% CI)
Row %a
Adjusted (age, sex) OR (95% CI)
Demographics
Ageb
Below 70 years (n = 386)
28.1
1.00
39.7
1.00
15.7
1.00
70–79 years (n = 476)
25.5
0.89 (0.65–1.20)
36.7
0.89 (0.67–1.17)
15.5
1.00 (0.69–1.45)
80 years or older (n = 237)
22.2
0.71 (0.49–1.04)
30.9
0.67 (0.47–0.94)
21.0
1.41 (0.92–2.15)
Sexb
Male (n = 518)
21.0
1.00
32.1
1.00
12.4
1.00
Female (n = 581)
30.0
1.63 (1.24–2.15)
40.5
1.46 (1.13–1.87)
20.6
1.81 (1.30–2.53)
Education
Low (n = 320)
20.8
1.00
28.4
1.00
16.8
1.00
Medium (n = 444)
26.9
1.36 (0.96–1.92)
39.4
1.57 (1.15–2.15)
14.4
0.86 (0.58–1.30)
High (n = 335)
28.9
1.67 (1.15–2.41)
39.9
1.80 (1.28–2.51)
19.8
1.49 (0.98–2.26)
Partner status
No partner (n = 286)
26.1
1.00
39.9
1.00
21.9
1.00
Coresidence (n = 758)
25.7
1.06 (0.75–1.48)
35.7
0.82 (0.60–1.12)
14.3
0.76 (0.51–1.11)
Outside household (n = 55)
23.6
0.98 (0.49–1.96)
30.9
0.70 (0.37–1.32)
23.6
1.39 (0.69–2.80)
Physical, psychological, and social functioning
Self-perceived health
Less than good (n = 223)
24.4
1.00
38.7
1.00
25.4
1.00
Good/excellent (n = 774)
26.3
1.08 (0.76–1.54)
37.5
0.91 (0.67–1.25)
14.6
0.54 (0.37–0.78)
Functional limitations
No limitations
26.5
1.00
36.9
1.00
12.3
1.00
1-2 limitations
27.9
1.11 (0.80–1.55)
41.2
1.28 (0.95–1.72)
18.0
1.59 (1.07–2.39)
3–7 limitations
21.3
0.78 (0.49–1.22)
32.1
0.90 (0.60–1.34)
28.7
2.84 (1.78–4.53)
Depressive symptoms
No (n = 897)
25.2
1.00
34.6
1.00
13.6
1.00
Yes (n = 197)
28.1
1.15 (0.81–1.65)
46.1
1.69 (1.22–2.34)
31.9
2.77 (1.92–4.00)
Anxiety symptoms
No (n = 978)
25.3
1.00
34.9
1.00
14.8
1.00
Yes (n = 114)
29.5
1.17 (0.76–1.81)
51.3
1.92 (1.30–2.87)
33.6
2.74 (1.78–4.23)
Mastery
0.99 (0.97–1.02)
0.96 (0.94–0.99)
0.98 (0.96–1.00)
Emotional and/or social loneliness
Not lonely (n = 619)
25.1
1.00
34.6
1.00
12.8
1.00
Only emotionally lonely (n = 178)
31.4
1.39 (0.96–2.02)
43.5
1.51 (1.07–2.13)
25.6
2.25 (1.48–3.42)
Only socially lonely (n = 143)
21.0
0.83 (0.53–1.30)
28.9
0.80 (0.54–1.20)
14.2
1.18 (0.69–2.01)
Both emotionally and socially lonely (n = 141)
27.1
1.13 (0.75–1.73)
43.8
1.53 (1.05–2.24)
25.4
2.28 (1.45–3.60)
COVID-19
Quarantine
No (n = 930)
24.8
1.00
36.1
1.00
15.9
1.00
Yes (n = 124)
31.1
1.32 (0.87.2.00)
42.3
1.26 (0.86–1.86)
22.8
1.43 (0.90–2.28)
COVID-19 infection
(Probably) no (n = 1053)
25.2
1.00
35.3
1.00
16.8
1.00
(Probably) yes (n = 24)
25.0
0.91 (0.36–2.34)
66.7
3.45 (1.46–8.17)
16.7
0.97 (0.33–2.91)
Have a family member who tested positive on COVID-19
Not mentioned (n = 994)
25.6
1.00
35.5
1.00
16.6
1.00
Mentioned (n = 105)
26.9
1.09 (0.79–1.73)
46.7
1.63 (1.08–2.45)
18.1
1.11 (0.65–1.89)
Have a family member who was hospitalised for COVID-19
Not mentioned (n = 1054)
25.7
1.00
35.9
1.00
16.7
1.00
Mentioned (n = 45)
27.3
1.09 (0.55–2.16)
51.1
1.90 (1.04–3.47)
17.8
1.01 (0.46–2.23)
Have a family member who died from COVID-19
Not mentioned (n = 1050)
25.1
1.00
35.8
1.00
16.6
1.00
Mentioned (n = 49)
39.6
2.03 (1.11–3.72)
36.5
2.03 (1.13–3.66)
20.8
1.21 (0.59–2.51)
Note. a = % of participants who responded yes; b = sex is only adjusted for age, and age is only adjusted for sex. Missing observations: spare time 7 (0.6%), reflecting important things 7 (0.6%), future plans 12 (1.1%), self-perceived health 102 (9.3%), functional limitations 30 (2.7%), depressive symptoms 5 (0.5%), anxiety 7 (0.6%), mastery 32 (2.9%), loneliness 18 (1.6%), quarantine 45 (4.1%), and COVID-19 infection 22 (2.0%).
