Relationship between Anemia and Academic Performance in Chinese Primary School Students: Evidence from a Large National Survey

Table 1

Social demographic and health-related characteristics of the enrolled participants (China, 2018).

Variable	Group	Total (%) N = 17,695	Nonanemia group (%) N = 16,541	Anemia group (%) N = 1,154	/Z/t
Age	10 years	49.21	93.22	6.78	1.8111	0.178
	11 years	50.79	93.72	6.28
Sex	Male	52.51	93.59	6.41	0.3661	0.545
	Female	47.49	93.36	6.64
Hukou type	Urban region	41.74	94.96	5.04	45.8633	<0.001
	Rural region	58.26	92.41	7.59
Only child	Yes	25.70	95.05	4.95	25.4540	<0.001
	No	74.30	92.90	7.10
Self-assessed family economic status	Very difficult	5.36	87.64	12.36	145.7494	<0.001
	Relatively difficult	18.56	89.99	10.01
	Middle income	71.19	94.67	5.33
	Relatively or very wealthy	4.89	95.09	4.91
Highest educational qualification of parents	Primary school or lower	10.73	90.62	9.38	79.3485	<0.001
	Junior high school	34.16	92.13	7.87
	Senior high school	25.50	93.93	6.07
	College or higher	29.61	95.56	4.44
Number of books in the family	<10	15.64	90.11	9.89	79.8581	<0.001
	10–49	42.98	93.67	6.33
	50–149	27.04	94.58	5.42
	≥150	14.33	95.99	4.01
Parents’ educational expectations	Senior high school or lower	13.13	91.53	8.47	42.7579	<0.001
	College or bachelor degree	38.02	93.02	6.98
	Master or higher	44.63	94.72	5.28
	Do not care	4.23	91.51	6.49
Learning pressure score	0-1 point	27.89	94.20	5.80	12.1576	0.007
	2-3 points-	34.75	93.57	6.43
	4-5 points-	23.55	93.26	6.74
	6 points-	13.81	92.10	7.90
Good relationships with other students	Totally unfit	7.09	91.72	8.28	14.0838	0.007
	Not quite fit	11.22	92.94	7.06
	Not sure	11.25	93.01	6.99
	Relatively fit	24.77	93.21	6.79
	Totally fit	45.66	94.13	5.87
Teacher-student relationship score^a	0-	25.51	91.84	8.16	27.2594	<0.001
	Q1-	26.71	93.11	6.89
	Q2-	23.24	94.33	5.67
	Q3-	24.54	94.40	5.60
Cognition test score^b	0-	26.15	93.28	6.72	9.2535	0.026
	Q1-	25.94	92.79	7.21
	Q2-	23.42	93.56	6.44
	Q3-	24.48	94.34	5.66
Body mass index^c	0-	25.00	93.47	6.53	10.6419	0.014
	Q1-	25.00	92.97	7.03
	Q2-	25.01	93.04	6.96
	Q3-	24.99	94.49	5.51
Sleep duration (hours)	<8.0	8.41	94.37	5.63	16.4881	0.001
	8.0–8.9	23.45	94.32	5.68
	9.0–9.9	41.98	93.53	6.47
	10.0-	26.15	92.31	7.69
CESD score^d	0-	21.95	95.13	4.87	30.4298	<0.001
	Q1-	28.86	93.55	6.45
	Q2-	24.14	93.13	6.87
	Q3-	25.06	92.04	7.96

^a,b,c,dQ1 represents the first quantile; Q2 represents the second quantile; Q3 represents the third quantile.