Understanding the Relationship between Neighbourhood Built Environment and Older Adults’ Health from the Perspective of Housing Differentiation
Table 2
Variable measures and descriptive statistics.
Variables
Abbreviation
Measure
Cronbach α (KMO)
Overall average
Resettlement housing
Old residential neighbourhood
Commercial housing
value
Older person’s health
Self-rated health
SRH
How do you feel about your health?
0.89
3.65
3.57
3.63
3.70
<0.001
Number of chronic diseases
NCD
Number of chronic diseases
2.13
2.22
2.17
2.08
0.238
Mental health
MH
WEM-WBS
3.89
3.91
3.84
3.97
<0.001
Objective built environment
Road network density
OBE1
Length of road/area of buffer (km/km2)
0.68
0.96
0.97
0.99
0.87
<0.001
Land use mix
OBE2
EI of different types of POI
2.21
2.20
2.25
2.15
<0.001
Distance to nearest shop
OBE3
Distance from residence of older person to nearest shop (km)
0.21
0.29
0.16
0.22
<0.001
Distance to nearest health service
OBE4
Distance from residence of older person to nearest health service (km)
0.31
0.28
0.22
0.55
<0.001
Distance to nearest recreational site
OBE5
Distance from residence of older person to nearest recreational site (km)
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.47
0.026
Green space
OBE6
NDVI = (IR − R)/(IR + R)
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.27
<0.001
Perceived built environment
Overall satisfaction with neighbourhood environment
PBE1
What is your overall satisfaction with your neighbourhood environment?
0.81 (0.713)
3.70
3.85
3.55
3.83
<0.001
The convenience of service facilities
PBE2
What is your overall satisfaction with the surrounding services?
3.62
3.59
3.51
3.97
0.002
Travel safety perception
PBE3
Do you feel safe in traffic when you walk outdoors?
2.62
2.44
2.72
2.67
0.001
Environmental pollution perception
PBE4
Do you think the environmental problems such as air pollution and noise pollution are serious?
3.57
3.55
3.49
3.78
0.005
Physical activity
Walking time
PA1
Duration of each outdoor walk (hr)
0.86 (0.671)
1.12
1.18
0.94
1.16
0.112
Walking frequency
PA2
Number of outdoor walks per week
5.19
5.27
5.07
5.20
0.048
Physical activity intensity
PA3
MET × Weekly activity time (min)
2266
2456
1812
2325
0.039
Social interaction
Familiarity among residents
SI1
How well do you know each other and the other residents in your neighbourhood?
0.85 (0.762)
4.09
4.14
4.17
3.78
0.002
Frequency of participation in community activities
SI2
How often do you participate in cultural and recreational activity organized by the residential neighbourhood?
4.03
4.12
3.96
4.05
<0.001
Mutual help among residents
SI3
Do you think neighbours are willing to help each other?
4.00
4.07
3.99
3.89
0.035
Control variables
Age
Age
68.23
68.39
68.12
68.28
Gender
Female = 0, male = 1
0.45
0.44
0.46
0.46
Residence status
Living alone = 0, living with others = 1
0.86
0.81
0.85
0.94
EI denotes the Entropy Index of land use. Within this equation, Si represents the proportion of the ith type of POI (Point of Interest) to the total number of POIs in a 500-meter buffer zone, while N signifies the number of POI categories present in the buffer zone. These categories include dining and food, companies and enterprises, shopping and consumption, transportation facilities, financial institutions, hotels and accommodations, science, education and culture, tourist attractions, automobile-related services, commercial and residential areas, daily life services, leisure and entertainment, healthcare, sports, and fitness. The NDVI was derived from the differential surface reflectance in the red (R) and infrared (IR) bands from a multispectral satellite image dataset.
