Investigation of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Strategies in Turkish Adults under Probation
Table 1
Sociodemographic, illicit substance use, legal, and psychological characteristics associated with early maladaptive schemas.
Individuals under probation
Early maladaptive schemas
n
%
YSQ mean score ± SD or mean rank
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age
0.734
18–25
127
42.3
220.17 ± 52.44
26–35
129
43.0
223.61 ± 53.30
36+
44
17.7
216.84 ± 51.83
Level of educationb
0.001
Primary school
39
13.0
231.90 ± 48.47
Middle school
119
39.7
232.36 ± 51.52
High school-associate degree
109
36.3
212.23 ± 52.27
Undergraduate-graduate
33
11.0
197.58 ± 51.02
Marital status
0.554
Single
206
68.7
222.69 ± 51.65
Married
75
25.0
215.64 ± 57.0
Divorced/separated/widowed
19
6.3
226.37 ± 52.60
Occupation
0.343
Worker
170
56.7
224.09 ± 50.81
Officer
3
1.0
167.67 ± 44.77
Tradesmen
45
15.0
221.96 ± 55.92
Irregular/casual work
10
3.3
214.30 ± 52.93
Unemployed
29
9.7
226.59 ± 48.39
Self-employment
11
3.7
197.73 ± 45.13
Student
32
10.7
214.75 ± 62.08
Income level
0.131
0–1500 TL
51
17.0
227.94 ± 54.50
1501–2500 TL
77
25.7
220.81 ± 53.95
2501–3500 TL
99
33.0
221.42 ± 49.94
3501–5000 TL
43
14.3
228.65 ± 52.34
5001 TL above
30
10.0
198.93 ± 52.06
Characteristics of substance use
Amount of cigarette use
<0.001
Never
32
10.7
208.59 ± 50.89
1–10 cigarettes
89
29.7
207.84 ± 46.73
11–20 cigarettes
152
50.7
225.09 ± 52.82
21+
27
9.0
257.85 ± 53.37
Age of illicit substance use initiation
<0.001
18
147
49.0
236.59 ± 50.81
19–25
113
37.7
207.08 ± 50.58
26+
40
13.3
204.25 ± 49.37
Frequency of illicit substance use
<0.001
Never ever
15
5.0
198.53 ± 57.69
A few days a year
110
36.7
203.59 ± 50.44
A few days a month and more often
175
58.3
234.14 ± 49.84
Illicit substance treatment history
0.001
Never
272
90.7
217.79 ± 50.46
1 time
18
6.0
246.83 ± 61.15
2 times
10
3.3
266.70 ± 65.15
Maternal alcohol useb
0.077
A few days a week
7
2.3
177.71
A few days a month
13
4.3
158.69
A few days a year
39
13.0
117.91
Never
241
80.3
154.54
Illicit substance use of the fathera
0.019
Yes
8
2.7
221.25
No
292
97.3
148.56
Legal characteristics
Number of probation measure
0.001
Never
215
71.7
215.05 ± 51.07
1 time
54
18.0
227.35 ± 54.89
2 times or more
31
10.3
252.74 ± 47.76
Number of convictions in prison
0.001
Never
245
81.7
215.74 ± 49.76
1 time
33
11.0
241.91 ± 52.69
2 times
22
7.3
250.36 ± 66.98
Psychological characteristics
Self-harm
0.001
Never
235
78.3
215.26 ± 50.66
1 time
26
8.7
234.77 ± 51.91
2 times or more
39
13.0
247.67 ± 55.95
History of psychiatric treatment
0.002
Yes
78
26.0
238.99 ± 59.75
No
222
74.0
214.90 ± 48.46
Violence in childhood
<0.001
Yes
89
29.7
249.96 ± 56.07
No
211
70.3
209.01 ± 46.07
Experiencing physical violence in childhood (n = 89)
0.004
Yes
64
21.3
260.44 ± 55.47
No
25
78.7
223.12 ± 49.01
Note.aMann–Whitney-U, bKruskal–Wallis, mean rank scores are given instead of mean scores. ;. YSQ: Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-3; SD: standard deviation.
