Investigation of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Strategies in Turkish Adults under Probation

Table 3

Sociodemographic, illicit substance use, and psychological characteristics associated with avoidant behaviors.

	Individuals under probation		Avoidant behaviors
	N	%	YRAI mean score ± SD or mean rank
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age^b				0.051
18–25	127	42.3	136.90
26–35	129	43.0	163.33
36+	44	17.7	152.13
Level of education				0.233
Primary school	39	13.0	127.41 ± 20.92
Middle school	119	39.7	125.29 ± 22.51
High school-associate degree	109	36.3	121.83 ± 23.46
Undergraduate-graduate	33	11.0	118.33 ± 19.97
Marital status				0.801
Single	206	68.7	122.96 ± 21.23
Married	75	25.0	124.92 ± 26.08
Divorced/separated/widowed	19	6.3	124.37 ± 20.88
Occupation				0.663
Worker	170	56.7	125.13 ± 22.86
Officer	3	1.0	127.0 ± 19.00
Tradesmen	45	15.0	124.62 ± 21.85
Irregular/casual work	10	3.3	122.0 ± 18.70
Unemployed	29	9.7	120.9 ± 25.39
Self-employment	11	3.7	119.45 ± 17.54
Student	32	10.7	117.53 ± 21.55
Income level				0.704
0–1500 TL	51	17.0	122.45 ± 24.44
1501–2500 TL	77	25.7	122.03 ± 22.40
2501–3500 TL	99	33.0	123.91 ± 20.62
3501–5000 TL	43	14.3	127.79 ± 26.00
5001 TL above	30	10.0	121.97 ± 20.06
Characteristics of illicit substance use
Amount of cigarette use^b				<0.001
Never	32	10.7	123.20
1–10 cigarettes	89	29.7	122.37
11–20 cigarettes	152	50.7	161.57
21+	27	9.0	213.26
Age of illicit substance use initiation				<0.001
18	147	49.0	128.79 ± 21.69
19–25	113	37.7	117.19 ± 22.08
26+	40	13.3	122.20 ± 21.96
Frequency of illicit substance use				<0.001
Never ever	15	5.0	116.20 ± 16.62
A few days a year	110	36.7	117.16 ± 20.76
A few days a month and more often	175	58.3	128.18 ± 22.86
Illicit substance treatment history				<0.001
Never	272	90.7	121.81 ± 21.88
1 time	18	6.0	136.61 ± 21.21
2 times	10	3.3	147.20 ± 20.97
Maternal alcohol use				0.094
A few days a week	7	2.3	129.43 ± 24.45
A few days a month	13	4.3	124.62 ± 19.81
A few days a year	39	13.0	115.28 ± 23.47
Never	241	80.3	124.65 ± 22.21
Illicit substance use of the father^a				0.019
Yes	8	2.7	141.88 ± 15.28
No	292	97.3	123.04 ± 22.43
Legal characteristics
Number of probation measure				0.001
Never	215	71.7	120.55 ± 21.11
1 time	54	18.0	129.19 ± 24.42
2 times or more	31	10.3	134.45 ± 23.45
Number of convictions in prison				0.185
Never	245	81.7	122.41 ± 21.34
1 time	33	11.0	128.30 ± 27.83
2 times	22	7.3	128.95 ± 25.01
Psychological characteristics
Self-harm				0.038
Never	235	78.3	122.20 ± 21.04
1 time	26	8.7	122.81 ± 30.48
2 times or more	39	13.0	132.10 ± 23.30
History of psychiatric treatment				0.034
Yes	78	26.0	128.17 ± 25.29
No	222	74.0	121.91 ± 21.20
Violence in childhood				0.001
Yes	89	29.7	130.39 ± 23.35
No	211	70.3	120.65 ± 21.48
Experiencing physical violence in childhood (n = 89)				0.012
Yes	64	21.3	134.23 ± 22.76
No	25	78.7	120.56 ± 22.34

Note.^aMann–Whitney-U, ^bKruskal–Wallis, mean rank scores are given instead of mean scores. ; . YRAI: Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory; SD: standard deviation.