Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Pregnant Women in Kumasi: A Cross-Sectional Study at a District-Level Hospital, Ghana

Table 2

Hygienic predisposing factors and Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence.

Variable	T. gondii seroprevalence		, df	value
	Negative; (%)	Positive; (%)
Source of water			1.22, 1	0.285
Pipe-borne	109 (63.7)	158 (69.0)
Borehole	62 (36.3)	71 (31.0)
Waste disposal facility			3.11, 2	0.211
WC	123 (74.5)	145 (66.2)
Public toilets	41 (24.8)	72 (32.9)
Land, rivers, and streams	1 (0.6)	2 (0.9)
Ingestion of raw vegetables			1.19, 1	0.332
No	23 (13.5)	40 (17.50)
Yes	148 (86.5)	189 (82.5)
Ingestion of uncooked meat			0.02, 1	0.916
No	61 (35.7)	80 (34.9)
Yes	110 (64.3)	149 (65.1)
Cleaning cooking materials			1.40, 1	0.258
No	6 (3.5)	14 (6.1)
Yes	165 (96.5)	215 (93.9)
Meat handling (e.g., beef mutton)			0.38, 1	0.558
No	21 (12.3)	33 (14.4)
Yes	150 (87.7)	196 (85.6)
Contact with soil			1.35, 1	0.262
No	104 (60.8)	126 (55.0)
Yes	67 (39.2)	103 (45.0)
Owning pets			1.13, 1	0.339
No	117 (68.4)	145 (63.3)
Yes	54 (31.6)	84 (36.7)
Owning cats			3.39, 1	0.083
No	148 (86.5)	182 (79.5)
Yes	23 (13.5)	47 (20.5)
Contact with cats			4.79, 1	0.027
No	140 (81.9)	166 (72.5)
Yes	31 (18.1)	63 (27.5)
Housing of cats			1.11, 1	0.304
No	143 (83.6)	182 (79.5)
Yes	28 (16.4)	47 (20.5)
Litter box for cats			2.99, 1	0.109
No	153 (89.5)	191 (83.4)
Yes	18 (10.5)	38 (16.6)