Online Dynamic Modelling for Digital Twin Enabled Sintering Systems: An Iterative Update Data-Driven Method

Table 2

Statistical results of TS prediction based on different methods.

	Method by Wang et al. [16]	Method by Umadevi et al. [11]	Method by Ye et al. [27]	Our DT-enabled method
RMSE		–
MRE (%)
NMSE	–		–
R			–
Update frequency^1	–	–	–
The longest computing time (s)^2	–	–	–

¹The update frequency is the ratio of the total update times and the number of sample sets. ²The longest computing time used for the retraining.