International Journal of Analytical Chemistry

Research Article

Assessment of the Pollution Load of Effluents Discharged from Higher Institutions in Ethiopia: The Case of Bahir Dar University Zenzelma Campus

Table 3

The physicochemical parameters of the studied water samples compared to the ECS and WHO guideline values.

Temperature (°C)

Turbidity (NTU)

TSS (mg/L)

TDS (mg/L)

EC (µS/cm)

TA (mg/L)

TH (mg/L)

NO₃⁻ (mg/L)

PO₄⁻³ (mg/L)

SO₄⁻² (mg/L)

NH₃ (mg/L)

BOD₅ (mg/L)

Outlet₁

24.50 ± 0.00^d

38.67 ± 1.15^f

480.33 ± 0.58^f

288.00 ± 0.00^f

7.03 ± .06^de

329.00 ± 0.00^f

268.0 ± 1.73^f

185.0 ± 0.00^g

9.10 ± 0.00^g

216.17 ± 0.06^a

18.00 ± 0.00^f

9.88 ± 0.00^b

66.0 ± 0.00^f

Outlet₂

22.90 ± 0.17^f

184.00 ± 1.73^d

710.33 ± 0.58^d

838.37 ± 0.12^a

8.10 ± 0.10^a

1492.03 ± 0.06^a

1200.0 ± 0.00^a

350.0 ± 0.00^d

52.60 ± 0.00^a

208.90 ± 0.00^b

47.33 ± 0.56^d

4.84 ± 0.00^d

51.0 ± 0.00^h

Outlet₃

24.30 ± 0.00^d

36.00 ± 0.00^f

420.00 ± 0.00^g

188.50 ± 0.00^h

6.73 ± 0.06^f

241.00 ± 0.00^h

145.0 ± 0.00^h

111.67 ± 2.89^h

46.00 ± 0.00^b

30.80 ± 0.00^g

7.33 ± 0.56^g

10.29 ± 0.05^a

73.07 ± 0.06^d

D₁

28.00 ± 0.00^b

45.67 ± 0.58^e

640.67 ± 1.15^e

573.37 ± 0.12^e

7.10 ± 0.00^d

958.57 ± 0.12^e

285.0 ± 0.00^e

230.00 ± 0.00^e

28.00 ± 0.00^e

57.80 ± 0.00^f

21.33 ± 0.56^e

0.06 ± 0.00^f

81.0 ± 0.00^b

D₂

26.07 ± 0.12^c

290.33 ± 0.58^c

810.33 ± 0.58^c

605.37 ± 0.12^d

7.83 ± 0.06^b

1075.43 ± 0.31^b

680.0 ± 0.00^b

360.00 ± 0.00^c

30.63 ± 0.06^d

178.27 ± 0.12^d

56.00 ± 0.00^c

9.84 ± 0.05^b

70.0 ± 0.00^e

D₃

27.80 ± 0.20^b

580.00 ± 0.00^a

1293.33 ± 2.89^a

756.53 ± 0.15^c

7.30 ± 0.10^c

1068.33 ± 0.15^c

360.0 ± 0.00^d

490.00 ± 0.00^a

30.90 ± 0.00^c

190.20 ± 0.00^c

100.67 ± 0.56^a

2.42 ± 0.00^e

78.0 ± 0.00^c

D₄

28.93 ± 0.12^a

408.33 ± 1.53^b

980.67 ± 1.15^b

767.00 ± 0.00^b

7.37 ± 0.06^c

1007.90 ± 0.20^d

459.33 ± 1.15^c

410.00 ± 0.00^b

25.60 ± 0.00^f

146.27 ± 0.06^e

76.00 ± 0.00^b

8.79 ± 0.05^c

86.26 ± 0.06^a

23.93 ± 0.12^e

22.00 ± 0.00^g

230.00 ± 0.00^h

201.00 ± 0.00^g

6.87 ± 0.06^ef

261.00 ± 0.00^g

250.0 ± 0.00^g

190.00 ± 0.00^f

8.00 ± 0.00^h

17.20 ± 0.00^h

19.00 ± 0.00^f

0.02 ± 0.00^f

53.0 ± 0.00^g

Average

25.80 ± 2.13

200.62 ± 40.69

695.71 ± 65.69

527.27 ± 51.79

7.29 ± 0.45

804.16 ± 90.88

459.92 ± 66.62

290.83 ± 25.47

28.85 ± 3.04

130.70 ± 16.09

43.21 ± 6.40

5.77 ± 0.87

69.71 ± 12.11

-value

0.001

ECS

—

1000

6.5-8.5

1000

200

300

250

4.5

WHO

<30

500

6.5-8.5

300

100

250

1.5

TSS: total suspended solids; TA: total alkalinity; TH: total hardness, ECS: Ethiopian Compulsory Standard (National Standard). Values with different superscripts down the column are significantly different ().