Quantitative Identification of Antioxidant Basis for Dendrobium Nobile Flower by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Rao, Dan; Hu, Yadong; Zhao, Ruoxi; Li, Hongjie; Chun, Ze; Zheng, Shigang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9510598

International Journal of Analytical Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 9510598 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9510598

Quantitative Identification of Antioxidant Basis for Dendrobium Nobile Flower by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Dan Rao,^1,2Yadong Hu,¹Ruoxi Zhao,¹Hongjie Li,^1,2Ze Chun,^1,3,4and Shigang Zheng¹

Academic Editor: Nagamalai Vasimalai

Received14 Apr 2022

Revised01 Jun 2022

Accepted16 Jul 2022

Published19 Aug 2022

Abstract

Dendrobium nobile is a beautiful orchid and a widely used medicinal plant. In vitro antioxidant assays suggested that D. noblie flower extracts showed significantly higher 2, 2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging rates and much more ferric-reducing power than those of root, stem, leaf and fruit. To better understand the antioxidant basis of D. nobile flower, high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used for metabolic identification and quantification. Finally, there were 72 metabolites among the total of 712 identified components showed significant association (coefficient >0.8, ) with ABTS scavenging rates, DPPH scavenging rates, and ferric-reducing power. The three enriched classes of flower metabolites, including amino acids and their derivatives, organic acids and their derivatives, and flavonoids, formed the main antioxidant basis. The significantly accumulated rutin, astragalin, isomucronulatol-7-O-glucoside, quercetin 4′-O-glucoside, methylquercetin O-hexoside, caffeic acid, caffeic acid O-glucoside, and p-coumaric acid (Log₂(fold change) >2, , distribution in flower >0.1%) made a key contribution to the higher antioxidant activities in flower. The relative quantification results of HPLC-MS/MS were verified by the common quantification methods. The antioxidant basis revealed of D. nobile flower will be helpful in the production of healthy or beauty products.

1. Introduction

Dendrobium nobile Lindl. is one of the endangered orchids, which has been used as a medicinal plant for many years in China, Japan, India, and some other countries [1, 2]. It showed many health beneficial functions, such as eye-protection, liver-protection, cardiovascular-protection, gastric-protection and neuro-protection [3, 4].

Oxidative stress is associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease, and aging [5–7]. Thus, antioxidant activities attached more and more attentions in production of health-care foods or skin-care products [8]. Recent research indicated that some Dendrobium species might be good antioxidant resources. The reports on D. officinale, D. chrysanthum, D. speciosum, D. chrysotoxum, D. denneanum, D. crepidatum, D. densiflorum, D. huoshanense, D. macrostachyum, D. signatum, D. catenatum, D. moniliforme, D. thyrsiflorum, D. fimbriatum, D. pachyglossum, D. aphyllum, D. devonianum, and D. sabin showed that they performed effects on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, 2, 2′-Azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) scavenging, or ferric reducing [9–14].

However, there were poor researches reported on the antioxidant basis of Dendrobium [8, 15]. In plant secondary metabolites, flavonoids, phenols, vitamins, organic acids, and polysaccharides are well known as good antioxidants [16–18]. Some flavonoids, such as quercetin, rutin, and isoquercitrin, had been reported to be correlated antioxidant activities in D. officinale, D. catenatum, and D. huoshanense [12, 19–21]. Some polysaccharides were also considered as functional antioxidants in D. officinale, D. huoshanense, and D. nobile [15, 22, 23]. Recently, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) had been used for metabolic analysis, chemical differentiation, quality control, and pharmaceutical identification in some Dendrobium species [19, 20, 24]. This is helpful for further quantitative identification of some novel antioxidants in D. nobile.

The in-vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts from different tissues of D. nobile will be firstly evaluated in this paper. HPLC-MS/MS is then employed for metabolic analysis. The final co-analysis will indicate the main chemical basis for the respective antioxidant activities.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials

Fresh roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of D. nobile were obtained from Hejiang, Sichuan Province (28°49′N, 105°50′E). Roots, stems, leaves, and flowers were collected in May 2019 and May 2020, fruits were collected in November 2019 and November 2020. Tissue samples were obtained from more than 30 individual plants for each collection. The tissue samples were washed with pure water, dried at 40°C for a week, ground into powder, and screened with a 50 mesh sieve before extraction.

2.2. Chemical Reagents

DPPH and ABTS were purchased from Beijing Zhongsheng Ruitai and Shanghai Macklin (China). The methanol, formic acid, potassium ferrocyanide, ferric chloride, and citric acid standard were purchased from Chengdu Kelon (China). The quantitative BCA protein kit and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard were purchased from Beijing Solarbio (China). The Rutin Standard was purchased from Chengdu Purechem-Standard (China).

2.3. Metabolites Extraction for Bioactivity Analysis

Each 5 g fine powdered sample was immersed with 200 mL of solution (80% methanol contained 0.1% formic acid) at room temperature for 24 hrs, and then was paper filtered to remove the residues. Subsequently, the filtrates were condensed in a rotary evaporator at 40°C for 2 hrs, and then were evaporated under vacuum for final drying. The dry extracts were dissolved with 80% methanol that contained 0.1% formic acid at a final concentration of 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL for in vitro analysis.

2.4. DPPH Scavenging Assay

Each 0.3 mL extract was mixed with 0.9 mL methanol containing 0.1 mM DPPH. The mixed solution was kept at room temperature in the dark for 30 min before measuring the absorbance at 517 nm. The DPPH scavenging activity was calculated as follows: DPPH scavenging activity (%) = (A₀ − A_s)/A₀ 100% (A₀ absorbance without sample; A_s absorbance with sample). Vitamin C was used as a positive control [12].

2.5. ABTS Scavenging Assay

ABTS was dissolved in 0.01 M PBS at a final concentration of 7 mM (pH 7.4). The ABTS solution was reacted with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate at room temperature for 16 hrs without light to generate free radicals. Before use, the ABTS solution was diluted with 0.01 M PBS to an absorbance of 0.7 at 734 nm. Each 0.1 mL extract was mixed with 1 mL diluted ABTS solution. The mixed solution was kept at room temperature for 20 min before measuring absorbance at 734 nm. The ABTS scavenging activity was calculated as follows: ABTS scavenging activity (%) = (A₀ − A_s)/A₀ 100% (A₀ absorbance without sample; A_s absorbance with sample). Vitamin C was used as a positive control [9].

2.6. Ferric Reducing Assay

Each 0.1 mL extract was mixed with 0.5 mL 0.2 M PBS (pH 6.6) and 0.5 mL potassium ferrocyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆, 30 mM). The mixed solution was incubated at 50°C for 20 min before addition of 0.5 mL trichloroacetic acid (0.6 M). Then, 0.5 mL mixed solution was further added with 0.5 mL deionized water and 0.1 mL ferric chloride (FeCl₃, 6 mM). The absorbance was measured at 700 nm. The ferric reducing antioxidant power is calculated as follows: reduce capacity = A_s − A₀ (A₀ absorbance without sample; A_s absorbance with sample). Vitamin C was used as a positive control [13].

2.7. Metabolites Extraction for HPLC-MS/MS

Each 100 mg fine powdered sample was suspended with a pre-chilled 500 μL solution (80% methanol contained 0.1% formic acid) by well vortex. The sample was incubated for 5 min and then centrifuged at for 10 min. The supernatant was diluted to a final concentration of 53% methanol by pure water. The sample was then transferred to a new tube and then centrifuged at for 20 min. The supernatant was used for chromatography.

2.8. HPLC-MS/MS Analysis

HPLC-MS/MS analysis were performed using an ExionLC™ AD system (SCIEX, USA) coupled with a QTRAP® 6500+ mass spectrometer (SCIEX, USA) in Novogene Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). For positive ion mode, the sample was injected into a BEH C8 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) using a 30-min linear gradient at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The eluents were eluent A (0.1% formic acid-water) and eluent B (0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile). The solvent gradient was set as follows: 5% B, 1 min; 5%–100% B, 24.0 min; 100% B, 28.0 min; 100%–5% B, 28.1 min; 5% B, 30 min. For negative ion mode, sample was injected into a HSS-T3 Column (100 mm × 2.1 mm) using a 25 min linear gradient at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The eluents were eluent A (0.1% formic acid-water) and eluent B (0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile). The solvent gradient was set as follows: 2% B, 1 min; 2%–100% B, 18.0 min; 100% B, 22.0 min; 100%–5% B, 22.1 min; 5% B, 25 min. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive or negative polarity mode with curtain gas of 35 psi, medium collision gas, ion spray voltage of 5500 V or −4500 V, temperature of 500°C, ion source gas of 1 : 55, ion source gas of 2 : 55.

2.9. Identification and Quantification of Metabolic Molecules

The data files generated by HPLC-MS/MS were processed using SCIEX OS version 1.4 to integrate and correct the peak. The main parameters were set as minimum peak height of 500, signal/noise ratio of 5, and gaussian smooth width of 1. Each peak of the experimental samples was detected using multireaction monitoring (MRM) based on the Beijing Novogene internal database (China). The parent ion (Q1), the daughter ion (Q3), the retention times (RTs), the de-clustering potential (DP), the collision energy (CE), and the molecular weights (MWs) were used for the identification of the metabolites. The peak area of Q3 was used for relative quantification of the metabolites. These metabolites were further annotated using the KEGG database (https://www.genome.jp/kegg/), the HMDB database (https://www.hmdb.ca/), and the Lipidmaps database (https://www.lipidmaps.org/).

2.10. Detection of Total Flavonoids

Each 0.25 g fine powdered sample was added with 4 mL of 80% methanol in a 10 mL centrifuge tube. After ultrasonic extraction for 30 min and centrifugation at for 10 min (4°C), the supernatant was collected. The residue was extracted with 4 mL of 80% methanol once-more. The combined supernatant was fixed to 10 mL with methanol. Each of 0.5 mL sample solution was mixed with 0.15 mL 5% sodium nitrite solution for 6 min. They were mixed with 0.15 mL 10% aluminum nitrate solution for 6 min. They were further mixed with 2 mL 4% sodium hydroxide solution and 2.2 mL distilled water for 3 min. The absorbance was determined at 508 nm and the total flavonoid content was calculated with the rutin standard.

2.11. Detection of Total Proteins

Each 0.1 g fine powdered sample was extracted with 1 mL 0.05 mM PBS (pH 7.8) by shaking for 2 hrs at room temperature. Then, each 20 μL of the extracted filtrate was added with 200 μL of BCA working solution (50 : 1 of bicinchoninic acid and Cu reagent). After mixing well, they were placed at 37°C for 30 min. The absorbance at 562 nm was used for calculation of total proteins with BSA standard.

2.12. Detection of Total Organic Acids

Each 0.25 g fine powdered sample was extracted with 100 mL of distilled water by shaking for 3 hrs at room temperature. Accurately take 50 mL of the extracted filtrate into a 250 mL beaker. Then, basic burette filled with sodium hydroxide solution was used for titration. The end point of the titration was pH 7.0. Citric acid standard was used for calculation. Organic acid content = (C V M)/(3 m) 100% (C concentration of sodium hydroxide solution; V volume of sodium hydroxide solution consumed by titration; M mass of citric acid; m mass of sample).

2.13. Statistics Analysis

All measurements and experiments were repeated at least three times. Quantitative data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The correlation analysis was performed using PASW statistics 18.0 (IBM, USA). Pearson correlation coefficients and p value were used for evaluating the correlations. Student’s t-test was used for comparison between two groups. Log₂ (fold change) was used for comparison of relative quantification. CSCF/TCCF (ratio of the contents of one specific component in flower to the total contents of all components in flower) and CSCF/CSCA (ratio of the contents of one specific component in flower to the contents of this component in all of root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit) were used for comparison of different distributions.

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Relatively Higher Antioxidant Activities Showed by Extracts of D. Nobile Flower

The ABTS and DPPH scavenging rates and ferric-reducing power of the extracts from root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit increased in a concentration-dependent manner (Figure 1). Under the concentration of 100, 200, and 500 μg/mL, the ABTS scavenging rates of flower extracts were significantly higher than those of extracts from root, stem, leaf, and fruit (). Under the concentration of 100, 200, 500, and 1000 μg/mL, the DPPH scavenging rates of flower extracts were significantly higher than those of extracts from root, stem, leaf, and fruit (). At a concentration of 500, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL, the ferric-reducing power of flower extracts was significantly higher than those of extracts from root, stem, leaf, and fruit (). When the concentration was greater than 500 μg/mL, the ABTS and DPPH scavenging rates of flower extracts were close to those of vitamin C. In summary, flower extracts showed higher ABTS and DPPH scavenging rates and much more ferric-reducing power than those extracts from other tissues. These results revealed relatively higher antioxidant activities in vitro in the D. nobile flower.

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3.2. Distribution of Metabolites in the Flower of D. nobile

A total of 712 metabolites were identified in the flower of D. nobile by HPLC-MS/MS (Figure 2). The 712 metabolites were classified into 11 classes, including amino acids and their derivatives (123), flavonoids (111), organic acids and their derivatives (105), phenols (62), nucleotide and its derivatives (67), carbohydrates (56), lipids (34), terpenoids (33), alkaloids (30), phenylpropanoids (20), and others (71). Relative quantification based on the peak areas of each metabolite showed its distribution in the flower of D. nobile (Figure 3). The top four distributed classes were amino acid and its derivatives (35.23% of CSCF/TCCF), Carbohydrates (17.44% of CSCF/TCCF), organic acid and its derivatives (13.76% of CSCF/TCCF), and flavonoids (13.31% of CSCF/TCCF).

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3.3. Enriched Metabolites in Flower of D. nobile

There were 46 metabolites that showed a significant enrichment in the flower of D. nobile (Log₂(FC) >2, Figure 4). Among them, flavonoids like kaempferol, quercetin, cyanidin and their derivatives accounted for a large proportion, such as quercetin, rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, quercetin 4′-O-glucoside, quercetin 5-O-hexoside, quercetin O-malonylhexoside, quercetin-3′-O-glucoside, quercetin-O-glucoside, methyl-quercetin O-hexoside, astragalin (kaempferol-3-glucoside), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside-2′-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, trifolin (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactoside), tiliroside (kaempferol-3-β-D-6″-p-coumaroyl-glucopyranoside), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin O-acetylhexoside, cyanidin O-rutinoside. There were also some other amino acids and their derivatives such as methionine, and organic acids and their derivatives such as p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid showed relatively high distribution. More, the top five of them were quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside (2.72% of CSCF/TCCF, 86.61% of CSCF/CSCA), rutin (2.40% of CSCF/TCCF, 96.16% of CSCF/CSCA), quercetin-3′-O-glucoside (2.29% of CSCF/TCCF, 86.96% of CSCF/CSCA), myricitrin (1.38% of CSCF/TCCF, 85.96% of CSCF/CSCA), caffeic acid (1.33% of CSCF/TCCF, 98.91% of CSCF/CSCA).

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3.4. Metabolites Associated with Antioxidant Activities in Flower of D. nobile

After correlation analysis, there were 72 metabolites showed significant association (coefficient >0.8, ) with the ABTS and DPPH scavenging rates and ferric-reducing power (Table 1). As shown in Figure 5, the 72 metabolites were mainly belongs to three classes of amino acid and its derivatives (13, 60.45% of CSCF/TCCF), organic acid and its derivatives (11, 19.05% of CSCF/TCCF), flavonoids (20, 17.05% of CSCF/TCCF). The average CSCF/CSCA of amino acid and its derivatives, organic acid and its derivatives, and flavonoids were 55.05%, 67.42%, and 81.15%. Antioxidant activities associated with amino acids and their derivatives showed a higher distribution in the flower itself, but antioxidant activities associated with flavonoids showed a higher distribution in the flower compared to the root, stem, leaf, and fruit.

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3.5. Antioxidant Basis of D. nobile Flower

Among the 13 antioxidant activities associated amino acid and its derivatives, L-leucine (37.86%), L-isoleucine (25.90%), D-glutamine (23.16%), and D-norvaline (10.97%) showed relatively high distribution in flower itself (Figure 6(a)). But none of them showed more than 80% of CSCF/CSCA (Figure 7(a)). Among the 11 antioxidant activities associated with organic acid and its derivatives, pipecolinic acid (50.43%), caffeic acid (20.79%), pipecolic acid (10.74%), p-coumaric acid (9.37%), and caffeic acid O-glucoside (5.11%) showed a relatively high distribution in the flower itself (Figure 6(b)). But only caffeic Acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid O-glucoside showed more than 80% of CSCF/CSCA (Figure 7(b)). Among the 20 antioxidant activities associated flavonoids, rutin (41.78%), astragalin (14.29%), isomucronulatol-7-O-glucoside (12.48%), quercetin 4′-O-glucoside (11.58%) and methylquercetin O-hexoside (7.26%) showed a relatively high distribution in the flower itself (Figure 6(c)). And all of them showed more than 80% of CSCF/CSCA (Figure 7(c)). The main classes of metabolites and key components contributed to antioxidant activities were summarized in Figure 8. They were the identified antioxidant basis of D. nobile flower.

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3.6. Verification of the HPLC-MS/MS Results

Relative quantification by HPLC-MS/MS showed that the distributions of amino acids and their derivatives in root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit were 7.39%, 10.57%, 25.44%, 45.74%, and 10.85%, respectively (Figure 9(a)). The BCA method showed that total protein concentrations in root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit were 32.24 mg/g, 24.29 mg/g, 253.59 mg/g, 288.18 mg/g, and 92.09 mg/g, respectively (Figure 9(d)). Relative quantification by HPLC-MS/MS showed that the distributions of organic acid and its derivatives in root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit were 13.81%, 10.54%, 21.56%, 25.02%, and 29.06%, respectively (Figure 9(b)). The titration method showed the concentrations of total organic acids in root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit were 1.17 mg/g, 0.68 mg/g, 1.66 mg/g, 1.73 mg/g, and 2.33 mg/g, respectively (Figure 9(e)). Relative quantification by HPLC-MS/MS showed that the distributions of flavonoids in root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit were 0.65%, 4.55%, 27.25%, 53.62%, and 13.94%, respectively (Figure 9(c)). The colorimetric method showed that total flavonoids concentrations in root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit were 8.72 mg/g, 9.23 mg/g, 12.49 mg/g, 31.30 mg/g, and 11.91 mg/g, respectively (Figure 9(f)). These results indicate that the relative quantification by HPLC-MS/MS was consistent with absolute quantification by the corresponding common methods.

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3.7. HPLC-MS/MS was Suitable for Metabolic Identification and Quantification in Chemical-Function Analysis

The metabolism of plant was hugely complex. The high-throughput property of HPLC-MS/MS makes it capable of analyzing hundreds of metabolites simultaneously. Recently, some reports revealed the attempts to use it for metabolic identification and quantification related to some specific bio-functions [19–21]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for the analysis of bioactive ingredients responding to UV-B radiation in D. officinale [19]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for co-analysis between metabolites and anti-inflammatory activities in D. chrysanthum [25]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for the identification of polysaccharides that prevent ethanol-induced liver injury in D. huoshanense [26]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for co-analysis between polysaccharides and polycystic ovary syndrome in D. nobile [27]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for co-analysis between metabolites and diabetic myocardial fibrosis in D. officinale [28]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for co-analysis between metabolites and suppression rates in A549 lung cancer cells in D. nobile [29]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for the comparison of chemicals related to antioxidant activities between D. huoshanense and D. officinale [20]. HPLC-MS/MS was used for identification of antioxidant compounds in D. catenatum flower [12]. Here, HPLC-MS/MS was used for identification of the chemical basis related to antioxidant activities in vitro in D. nobile flower. Furthermore, the relative quantification results by HPLC-MS/MS were verified by the same common detection methods. HPLC-MS/MS would also be widely used for metabolic identification and quantification in chemical-function analysis in plants [30].

3.8. Some Enriched Flavonoids and Organic Acids Formed the Main Antioxidant Basis of the D. nobile Flower

ABTS scavenging, DPPH scavenging, and ferric reduction were generally used to evaluate in-vitro antioxidant activities [9, 12]. The extracts from flower of D. nobile showed significant higher ABTS scavenging rates, DPPH scavenging rates, and ferric-reducing power than those from root, stem, leaf, and fruit in this paper. The flower extracts of D. officinale, D. sabin, D. devonianum, and D. catenatum had also been reported to possess relatively high antioxidant activities [9, 11–13]. But the antioxidant activities related chemical basis was poorly studied in Dendrobium flower. Polysaccharides in the flowers of D. devonianum have been reported to be correlated with its antioxidant activities [11]. Phenolic glycosides in the methanolic extract of the flower were identified as antioxidant components in D. catenatum [12]. Here, 72 compounds mainly belong to three classes of metabolites amino acid and its derivatives, organic acid and its derivatives, and flavonoids were correlated to the higher antioxidant activities of flower in D. nobile. Furthermore, eight components of rutin, astragalin, isomucronulatol-7-O-glucoside, quercetin 4′-O-glucoside, methylquercetin O-hexoside, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and caffeic acid O-glucoside were identified to play a key contribution to antioxidant activities in vitro. Quercetin extracted from D. officinale showed antioxidant effect to UV-B exposure [19, 21]. The major compounds contributed to the antioxidative activities were identified as 1-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucoside, rutin, and isoquercitrin in D. catenatum [12]. The antioxidant activities of D. huoshanense were also mainly attributed to its high content of flavonoids [20]. The novel finding of antioxidative flavonoids and organic acids further enriched acknowledge about the antioxidant basis of Dendrobium flower. This will be helpful in the production of related healthy or beauty products, such as flower-tea, flower-wine, flower-biscuits, flower-mask, flower-cream, flower-toothpaste, and flower-capsules [1, 16, 21].

4. Conclusions

This paper firstly confirmed the best in-vitro antioxidant activities of D. noblie flower. A total of seventy-two metabolites were identified to be corresponded to antioxidant activities in vitro. Eight flavonoids and organic acids formed the key antioxidant basis of D. nobile flower. The quantification results of HPLC-MS/MS were also verified by the common methods. These results suggest that HPLC-MS/MS is suitable for quantitative chemical-function analysis in D. nobile.

Data Availability

All related data are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2020YFN0001, 2021YFYZ0012, 2021YFH0080), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32100305).

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Copyright © 2022 Dan Rao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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