Chemical Composition and Future Perspectives of Essential Oil Obtained from a Wild Population of Stachys germanica L. Distributed in the Balkan Mountains in Bulgaria

Table 2

Comparison of the main volatile constituents of the EO of S. germanica L. from different regions.

Plant collecting region	Main volatile compounds %	Other volatile compounds	Ref.
Bulgaria	Camphor (52.955%) geranyl-p-cymene (10.49%)	β-Farnesene (3.97%) trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (2.66%) bornyl acetate (2.54%) camphene (2.52%)	Present study
Greece^1	Germacrene-D (21.3%) (−)-(E)-caryophyllene (18.4%)	δ-Cadinene (6.8%) (−)-α-copaene (6.6%) (+)-caryophyllene oxide (5.9%) dodecanal (5.3%) bicyclogermacrene (2.4%)	[21]
Former yugoslavian republic of Macedonia^1	(E)-Nerolidol (13.5%) caryophyllene oxide (13.4%)	Germacrene-D (8.1%) camphor (5.7%) β-caryophyllene (5.1%) valeranone (4.8%) (E)-β-farnesene (3.1%)	[38]
Hungary	Ethyl hexadecanoate (32.73%) germacrene-D (7.32%)	β-Phellandrene (4.76%) trans-β-farnesene (1.98%) sabinene (1.48%)	[42]
Serbia	Borneol (9.27%) bicyclogermacrene (8.97%)	β-Farnesene (5.7%) spathulenol (4.6%) humulene epoxide (4.24%) farnesene epoxide (4.08%) 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol (4.07%)	[43]
Serbia	Germacrene-D (16.49%) phenyl ethyl heptanoate (13.75%) (E)-β-farnesene (13.26%)	2-Acetyl-naphthalene (7.21%) (Z)-β-ocimene (5.02%) (+) β-pinene (4.28%) octyl 2-methyl butyrate (2.8%) bicyclogermacrene (2.4%)	[18]
Italy	(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (33.3%) hexadecanoic acid (22.1%)	Epi-Bicyclosesquiphellandrene (6.1%) 4-vinylguaiacol (3.4%) cis-β-farnesene (3%) α-bisabolol (3%) tetradecanoic acid (2.5%)	[4]
Italy^2	Germacrene-D (39.4%) phytol (10.2%)	β-Bourbonene (3.5%) β-ylangene (3.3%) hexadecanoic acid (3.2%)	[34]
Italy^2	Limonene (24.1%) β-pinene (18.7%) germacrene-D (12.8%)	(E)-Nerolidol (6.6%) β-ylangene (4.4%) β-elemene (3%)	[34]
Turkey^1	Germacrene-D (27.1%) β-caryophyllene (15.7%) caryophyllene oxide (12.8%)	τ-Muurolol (4.8%) α-cadinene (3.9%) spathulenol (3.7%) α-copaene (3.2%) geranyl acetate (3.1%)	[22]
Turkey^3	Germacrene-D (23.2%) β-caryophyllene (14.8%)	α-Copaene (7.7%) caryophyllene oxide (6.9%) trans-β-farnesene (6.8%) spathulenol (5.8%) α-cadinene (4.9%)	[22]

¹S. germanica L. ssp. heldreichii; ²S. germanica L. ssp. salviifolia; ³S. germanica L. ssp. bithynica.