Experimental Study of Torque Using a Small Scoop on the Lunar Surface

Figure 6

Soil failure in the excavation test. The penetrating angle was 30 degrees, the soil condition was loose, and the rotation speed was 0.28 r/min.

(a) 28 s

(b) 48 s

(c) 61 s

(d) 85 s

(e) 114 s

(f) 134 s