Research on Influencing Factor Selection of Pilot’s Intention

Table 2

Content and method for determining some physiological, psychological, and physical factors.

Test index		Test content	Test method
Physiological factors	Heart rate	Heart rate (HR) can be used to characterize a person’s health and mental state. The pilot’s heart rate can be reflected by the average heart rate (times/min).	During the simulated flight, the heart rate sensor in the Mangold-10 multichannel physiological instrument was used to obtain the heart rate when the pilot was maneuvering the aircraft. The procedure was recorded with an HDTV camera, and the average of the heart rate was calculated.
	Skin conductance	One of the direct indicators of sympathetic nervous system evaluation is cutaneous electricity. It can also be used as an indirect indicator of a person’s mental state and alertness level. The experiment usually uses the mean value of the skin electrical response to reflect the pilot’s skin conductance.	During the simulated flight, the skin conductance response of the pilot was obtained using a skin conductance sensor in the Mangold-10 multichannel physiological instrument. The experiment used an HDTV camera to record the process and calculated the average value of the skin’s conductance response values.
	Breathing	Breathing is utilized to characterize a person’s level of stress or excitement. The pilot’s breathing changes can be reflected by the average of the respiratory rate (times/minute).	The respiratory rate was obtained using a BioHarness portable physiometer. The process was recorded with an HDTV camera. The average of the respiratory rate was gotten in this experiment.
	Hearing	Hearing can distinguish the position of the object and make up for the lack of vision. The pilot’s hearing can be reflected by their auditory response time, which is the time interval from the appearance of a simple hearing stimulus to its response.	The auditory response time was obtained using a Psytech-PT811 integrated reaction tester. During the test, the subject pressed the right index finger onto the start position button. When the instrument heard the beep, immediately remove the finger and then press the start button. The procedure was recorded with an HDTV camera, and each subject performed multiple sets of experiments and recorded the average auditory response time (milliseconds).
	Choice reaction time	Choice reaction time means that two or more stimuli are present during the test and the time it takes to require for the subject to respond differently to each stimulus.	The Psytech-PT811 comprehensive reaction tester was used to obtain the choice reaction time. During the test, the subject pressed the right index finger onto the start position button, and the eye looked at the screen signal source. When any of the red, yellow, blue, and green colors appear on the screen, the subject releases the finger to press the corresponding color on the instrument and then returns to the start button. The procedure was recorded with an HDTV camera. Each subject performed multiple sets of experiments and recorded the average choice reaction time (milliseconds).
	Operational response time	The operational response time is the time interval from the appearance of the stimulus to the completion of the action.	The Psytech-PT811 comprehensive reaction tester was used to obtain the operational response time. During the test, the subject pressed the right index finger onto the start position button. When the start button was pressed, the screen showed a semicircular spot. The light spot is bright, and the subject uses the right index finger to press the corresponding button on the instrument and then return to the position of the start button. The procedure was recorded with an HDTV camera, and each subject performed multiple sets of experiments and recorded the average operational response time (milliseconds).
	Speed estimation capability	The speed estimation capability is used as a pilot’s ability to perceive and predict the surrounding objects. Also, it is utilized to measure the pilot’s spatial location of the distance.	Measurements were performed using a DXC-6 type evaluator. The screen presents a light spot that moves from left to right and changes in speed. There is a vertical line in the center and right side of the screen, and the light point disappears when it moves to the center vertical line. The answerer needs to estimate the time when the light spot reaches the vertical line on the right side and press the enter key at the moment when the light spot is touched on the right vertical line. The procedure was recorded with an HDTV camera, and each subject performed multiple sets of experiments and recorded an average estimated time.
	Discriminative response time	Discriminative response time refers to the time taken from the stimulus presentation to the psychological operation between the stimulus being confirmed and reacting. Two or more distinct stimuli may appear in the experiment when the reaction is identified. Participants were asked to respond to only one of the stimuli and to refrain from responding to any other stimulus.	The discriminative response time was obtained using a Psytech-PT811 comprehensive reaction tester. During the test, the subject pressed the right index finger onto the start position button and the eyes looked at the screen signal source. When a valid stimulus color appears, the subject presses the corresponding color button on the instrument. Do not respond to the color of the invalid stimulus that appears; otherwise, remember the error and then return the finger to the start button. Recorded with an HDTV camera, each subject performed multiple sets of experiments and recorded the average discriminative response time.
Psychological factors	Personality	Personality refers to a person’s stable attitude toward reality and the personality characteristics expressed in habitual behavior corresponding to this attitude. Personality embodies the social attributes of character, and the core of character differences between individuals is the difference in personality.	This paper used the Carnegie 16 personality questionnaire, which has good validity, reliability, and short test time and is widely utilized.
	Attention	Attention is the point and concentration of mental activity on certain objects. It is a common psychological feature in the psychological processes of perception, memory, thinking, and imagination. The attention of the pilot in the cockpit is critical to flight safety.	The pilot wears an eye tracker to calculate the gaze duration of each gaze point in the simulated cockpit. The proportion of each area is counted, and all test numbers record the percentage of the number of fixation points as the judgment index.
	Attitude	Attitude is the stable psychological tendency of an individual to hold a particular subject. The attitude of the pilot will affect their behavior. Poor attitudes could lead to mishandling of pilots, resulting in flight accidents.	This paper used the questionnaire in [30] for measurement. The options of questions are referred to the Classical Mental Scale with the purpose of assign scores in descending. The smaller the score, the better the safety attitude of the pilot who chooses this option. Test results require standard conversion [31].
	Emotion	Emotion is a general term for a series of subjective cognitive experiences. It is the psychological and physiological state of multiple emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Both positive and negative emotions trigger motivation for action.	After designing the simulator experiment, use the high-definition camera to record the whole process and select three kinds of music random play with fast pace, regular, and slow rhythm. It is determined that the emotional state of the subject is divided into two parts, namely, the real-time recording of the emotional state of the subject and the personal correction of the subject during the video playback after the end of the experiment. Drawing on the research triggered by driver emotions, this paper defines three emotional states: calm, neutral, and excited, with test values between 0 and 1. The calmer the pilot’s mood, the lower the score; the more excited the emotion, the higher the score [32].
Physical factors	Rudder pedal force	The pilot controls the aircraft and the strength of the rudder on both feet.	The rudder pedal force value is obtained using a pressure sensor in the Mangold-10 multichannel physiological instrument. Record with an HDTV camera and calculate the average of the rudder pedal force.
	Handle force of joystick	The pilot controls the aircraft and the strength of holding the joystick with both hands.	During the simulated flight, the grip force was obtained using a pressure sensor in the Mangold-10 multichannel physiological instrument. The process was recorded with an HDTV camera, and the average of the grip strength of the joystick was calculated
Other factors	Task priority	Task priority is used to measure the impact of different missions on pilot behavior.	Depending on the time required, task urgency is divided into three types: slow, regular, and emergency. According to the flight tasks at each stage, the tasks that are required to be completed in a short period of time are initially set as urgent tasks, the opposite are slow task. The tasks with a regular urgency are between the above two tasks. The three tasks are assigned 1, 2, and 3, respectively [33].