Fault-Tolerant Control of Hypersonic Vehicle Using Neural Network and Sliding Mode

Figure 2

Response curves of the ABHV’s variables without the actuator faults.

(a) Velocity

(b) Altitude

(c) Flight path angle, attack angle, and pitch rate

(d) Velocity error and altitude error

(e) Fuel-to-air ratio

(f) Elevator deflection

(g) Adaptive parameters

(h) NN weight adaption

(i) NN estimate values