Fault-Tolerant Control of Hypersonic Vehicle Using Neural Network and Sliding Mode

Figure 3

The response curves of the ABHV’s variables under the actuator faults.

(a) Velocity

(b) Altitude

(c) Flight path angle, attack angle, and pitch rate

(d) Velocity error and altitude error

(e) Fuel-to-air ratio

(f) Elevator deflection

(g) Adaptive parameters

(h) NN weights adaption

(i) NN estimate values