Numerical Study of the Aerodynamics of a Hovering Hummingbird’s Wing with Dynamic Morphing

Figure 10

Three-dimensional vortex structures on the dorsal side of the wing during a stroke cycle. ULEV, URV, UTEV, and UTV are abbreviations for the upstroke leading edge vortex, the upstroke root vortex, the upstroke trailing edge vortex, and the upstroke tip vortex, respectively. Similar labels (DLEV, DRV, DTEV, and DTV) were used to describe the vortex produced during the downstroke.