Numerical Study of the Aerodynamics of a Hovering Hummingbird’s Wing with Dynamic Morphing

Table 2

Time-averaged values of the horizontal force, vertical force, and power coefficients during the different stroke phases and the corresponding aerodynamic efficiency.

A stroke cycle	0.16	0.81	0.69	1.17
Downstroke	0.66	1.26	1.18	1.07
Upstroke	0.34	0.36	0.20	1.80
The ratio	1.94	3.50	5.90	0.60