Research Article

Conceptual Aircraft Empennage Design Based on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Approach

Table 1

Tail design requirements from regulations.

RequirementsSubpartParagraphGeneral description

TrimFAR/CS part 25
Subject group 77
25.161 [14]Each airplane must meet the trim requirements of this section after being trimmed, and without further pressure upon, or movement of, either the primary controls or their corresponding trim controls by the pilot or the automatic pilot.
StabilityFAR/CS part 25
Subject group 78
25.171-25.181The airplane must be longitudinally, directionally, and laterally stable in accordance with the provisions of §§ 25.173 through 25.177. In addition, suitable stability and control feel (static stability) are required in any condition normally encountered in service, if flight tests show it is necessary for safe operation.
Controllability and maneuverabilityFAR/CS part 25
Subject group 76
25.143-25.149The airplane must be safely controllable and maneuverable during (1) takeoff, (2) climb, (3) level flight, (4) descent, and (5) landing.
Handling qualityMIL-F-8785CControl anticipation parameter
Flying qualities for aircraft: normal states within the operational flight envelope shall be level 1. Flying qualities for aircraft: normal states within the service flight envelope but outside the operational flight envelope shall be level 2 or better.