Conceptual Aircraft Empennage Design Based on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Approach

Table 2

A full list of design variables.

Design variables	Initial value	Lower bound	Upper bound
Area of HTP (m^2)	32.23	18	40
AR of HTP	4.82	3.5	5.5
TR of HTP	0.32	0.28	0.35
Leading edge sweep of HTP (°)	35	10	45
t/c of HTP	0.12	0.09	0.13
Incidence angle of HTP (°)	-1.2	-3.0	1.0
Area of VTP (m^2)	28.21	18	40
AR of VTP	1.67	1.2	1.8
TR of VTP	0.32	0.28	0.35
Leading edge sweep of VTP (°)	40	10	45
t/c of VTP	0.12	0.09	0.13
Area of wing (m^2)	122.41	90	130
AR of wing	9.45	6.5	16
TR of wing	0.24	0.21	0.28
Leading edge sweep of wing (°)	27	15	40
t/c of wing	0.125	0.09	0.13
Longitudinal reference point of wing (m)	11.7	11	13