Conceptual Aircraft Empennage Design Based on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Approach

Table 3

A full list of design constraints for stability and control.

Requirement	Constraint formulation	Analysis methods	References
Longitudinal static stability		calculated using USAF Datcom	[7, 17, 18]
Longitudinal static stability	Static margin (S.M.)	Neutral point () is calculated using the AVL tool with cruise flight condition; Aft center of gravity is determined from the loading diagram	[19]
Longitudinal dynamic stability		calculated using USAF Datcom	[7, 17]
Longitudinal dynamic stability	Short period–natural frequency and damping ratio; ;	, , and are calculated using the methods from [20]	[20]
Longitudinal dynamic stability	Phugoid damping ratio (level 1) or > 0 (level 2) (level 1 is satisfactory, level 2 is acceptable [21])		[21]
Longitudinal control			[19]
Longitudinal trim	at	calculated using USAF Datcom; calculated using cruise aircraft mass and flight conditions	[22]
Lateral-directional static stability		calculated using USAF Datcom	[23]
Lateral-directional static stability		calculated using USAF Datcom	[24]
Lateral-directional static stability		calculated using USAF Datcom	[23]
Lateral-directional dynamic stability		calculated using USAF Datcom	[24]
Lateral-directional dynamic stability	Dutch roll damping ratio	and calculated using USAF Datcom	[21]
Lateral-directional dynamic stability	Roll mode time constant	calculated using USAF Datcom	[21]
One engine inoperative yaw trimming			[18]
One engine inoperative yaw trimming			[18]