Automatic Calibration Using a Modified Genetic Algorithm for Millimeter-Wave Antenna Modules in MIMO Systems

Figure 1

(a) Schematic of mm-wave active massive MIMO system; (b) 8 × 8 element microstrip array (dx = 11.5 mm, dy = 6.5 mm) associated with a test antenna in the far-field range for calibration; (c) grating lobe diagram analysis (solid line: scan volume, dashed line: grating lobes) of the array with a triangular array lattice of dx = 11.5 mm and dy = 6.5 mm; (d) two-dimensional far-field patterns (E-H plane).

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