Vehicular Bidirectional Internal Antenna with Asymmetric Gain Characteristics to Compensate for Backward Link Path Loss due to Interior Obstacles

Table 2

Summary of simulated and measured 3 dB beamwidth (BW) and gain for the proposed internal antenna.

Parameter	Simulation		Measurement
	Front θ = 0°	Rear θ = 180°	Front θ = 0°	Rear θ = 180°
3 dB BW in x-z plane (H-plane) (°)	80	102	90	117
3 dB BW in y-z plane (E-plane) (°)	63	42	100	45
Gain (dBi)	−0.57	5.67	−0.52	5.77