A 3-Dimensional Multiband Antenna for Vehicular 5G Sub-6 GHz/GNSS/V2X Applications

Table 3

Comparison between the proposed monopole antenna and other antennas from the literature.

Reference	Antenna type	Frequency bands (MHz)	Antenna size (mm^3)	Gain/Efficiency	Application
[6]	Printed monopole	698–960; 1700–2700	65 × 52 x 1.6	Max gain is more than 1 dBi	Automotive LTE shark-fin application
[13]	T-shaped monopole	698–960; 1427–2700	33 × 10 x 55	Max gain is above 2.8 dB/efficiency more than 60%	Vehicular LTE shark-fin application
[30]	Branched monopole	617–960; 1710–5000	60 × 39.8 x 15	LAG is above −3 dBi/efficiency more than 50%	Vehicular 5G sub-6 GHz shark-fin application
[16]	Monopole	617–960; 1710–5000	60 × 36 x 15	Average gain above −2 dBi/efficiency more than 45%	Automotive 5G sub-6 GHz shark-fin application
[17]	Folded monopole	700–960; 1710–6000	84 × 68 x 0.17	Average gain above 3.9 dBi	Vehicular LTE application
[18]	T-Shaped monopole	720–960; 1600–4000	70 × 60 x 1.6	Gain above 1.5 dBi for all bands	Automotive 5G sub-6 GHz application
[23]	PIFA	617–960; 1710–6000	55 × 50 x 28	LAG is above −2.5 dBI/efficiency more than 45%	Vehicular 5G sub-6 GHz/V2X shark-fin application
[24]	Nefer ant	698–6000	80 × 60 x 30	Efficiency is above −2 dB; Gain is above −3 dB	Vehicular 5G sub-6 GHz/WLAN shark-fin application
This work	Folded monopole	617–960	58 × 37 × 17; 1559–6000	LAG is above −3 dBi/efficiency is more than 50%/GNSS coverage	Vehicular 5G sub-6 GHz/GNSS/V2X shark-fin application