On the Experimental Investigation of Bone Fracture Recovery Process Using an Ultra-Wideband Planar Monopole Antenna

Table 1

Comparative analysis among ultra-wideband monopole antennas of FR-4 substrate for biomedical applications and air as a medium.

References	λ0 × λ0 (m^2)	Substrate thickness (mm)	Operating band (GHz)	Fractional bandwidth (%)	Avg. radiation efficiency (%) (simulated)	Max. realized gain (dBi)
[18]	0.270 × 0.290	1.6	3–15	133.33	—	—
[31]	0.238 × 0.330	1.6	3.1–12	117.88	—	3.54
[32]	0.157 × 0.217	1.6	2.95–12	121	—	3.6
[33]	0.207 × 0.310	1.6	3.1–6.8	105.71	89.2	6.8
Proposed	0.194 × 0.205	0.8	3.23–10.83	112.23	92.3	3.77